<\/p>\n
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\u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0648\u062c\u0646\u0633\u0647\u0645. \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 “\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0646” \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648”\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c” \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0626 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0648”\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633” \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0626 \u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639.<\/span><\/p>\n \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 2:<\/strong> \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u062d\u0648\u0627\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0629 (“\u0645\u0634\u0645\u0633”\u060c “\u063a\u0627\u0626\u0645”\u060c “\u0645\u0645\u0637\u0631”) \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u062b \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 (“\u0646\u0639\u0645” \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0627”). \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 “\u0639\u062f\u062f \u062d\u0648\u0627\u062f\u062b 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\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0646 0 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 0\u060c 1\u060c 2\u060c 14\u060c 34\u060c 49\u060c 200\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643). \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 2: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629.<\/strong> \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629<\/a> \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 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\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0646<\/a> : \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0635\u0641\u0631\u064b\u0627.<\/span><\/p>\n \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 glm()<\/strong> \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 Family = “fish”<\/strong> \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c:<\/span><\/p>\n \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a:<\/span><\/p>\n \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c. \u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0642\u064a<\/em> \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0642\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0647 79.247<\/strong> \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0644 96<\/strong> \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0643\u0627\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u064a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a. \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631:<\/span><\/p>\n \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 p \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u064a 0.89<\/strong> \u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 0.05. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644.<\/span><\/p>\n \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0644\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a:<\/span><\/p>\n \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645 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\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644. \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u060c \u064a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 10% ( p <0.0001)<\/em> . \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 . \u0627\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0647\u0648 “\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f”. \u062a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0646: \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 1: \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[11],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\n \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0646<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n
\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644: \u0627\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a R<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n
\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n
#make this example reproducible\n<\/span>set.seed(1)\n\n#create dataset\n<\/span>data <- data.frame(offers = c(rep(0, 50), rep(1, 30), rep(2, 10), rep(3, 7), rep(4, 3)),\n division = sample(c(\"A\", \"B\", \"C\"), 100, replace = TRUE),\n exam = c(runif(50, 60, 80), runif(30, 65, 95), runif(20, 75, 95)))<\/strong><\/pre>\n \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n
#view dimensions of dataset<\/span>\ndim(data)\n\n#[1] 100 3\n\n#view first six lines of dataset<\/span>\nhead(data)\n\n# offers division exam\n#1 0 A 73.09448\n#2 0 B 67.06395\n#3 0 B 65.40520\n#4 0 C 79.85368\n#5 0 A 72.66987\n#6 0 C 64.26416\n\n#view summary of each variable in dataset<\/span>\nsummary(data)\n\n# offers division exam \n# Min. :0.00 To:27 Min. :60.26 \n# 1st Qu.:0.00 B:38 1st Qu.:69.86 \n# Median: 0.50 C:35 Median: 75.08 \n# Mean:0.83 Mean:76.43 \n# 3rd Qu.:1.00 3rd Qu.:82.87 \n# Max. :4.00 Max. :93.87 \n\n#view mean exam score by number of offers<\/span>\nlibrary(dplyr)\ndata %>%\n group_by<\/span> (offers) %>%\n summarize<\/span> (mean_exam = mean(exam))\n\n# A tibble: 5 x 2\n# offers mean_exam\n# \n#1 0 70.0\n#2 1 80.8\n#3 2 86.8\n#4 3 83.9\n#5 4 87.9<\/strong><\/pre>\n\n
#load ggplot2<\/em> package<\/span>\nlibrary(ggplot2)\n\n#create histogram\n<\/span>ggplot(data, aes(offers, fill = division)) +\n geom_histogram(binwidth=.5, position=\"dodge\")<\/strong><\/pre>\n \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0646<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n
#fit the model\n<\/span>model <- glm(offers ~ division + exam, family = \"fish\"<\/span> , data = data)\n\n#view model output\n<\/span>summary(model)\n\n#Call:\n#glm(formula = offers ~ division + exam, family = \"fish\", data = data)\n#\n#Deviance Residuals: \n# Min 1Q Median 3Q Max \n#-1.2562 -0.8467 -0.5657 0.3846 2.5033 \n#\n#Coefficients:\n#Estimate Std. Error z value Pr(>|z|) \n#(Intercept) -7.90602 1.13597 -6.960 3.41e-12 ***\n#divisionB 0.17566 0.27257 0.644 0.519 \n#divisionC -0.05251 0.27819 -0.189 0.850 \n#exam 0.09548 0.01322 7.221 5.15e-13 ***\n#---\n#Significant. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1\n#\n#(Dispersion parameter for fish family taken to be 1)\n#\n# Null deviance: 138,069 on 99 degrees of freedom\n#Residual deviance: 79,247 on 96 degrees of freedom\n#AIC: 204.12\n#\n#Number of Fisher Scoring iterations: 5\n<\/strong><\/pre>\n\n
pchisq(79.24679, 96, lower.tail = FALSE)\n\n#[1] 0.8922676\n<\/strong><\/pre>\n
\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n
#find predicted number of offers using the fitted Poisson regression model\n<\/span>data$phat <- predict(model, type=\"response\")\n\n#create plot that shows number of offers based on division and exam score\n<\/span>ggplot(data, aes(x = exam, y = phat, color = division)) +\n geom_point(aes(y = offers), alpha = .7, position = position_jitter(h = .2)) +\n geom_line() +\n labs(x = \"Entrance Exam Score\", y = \"Expected number of scholarship offers\")<\/strong><\/pre>\n<\/h3>\n
\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n
\n
\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n
\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f<\/a>
\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"