{"id":511,"date":"2023-07-29T16:03:36","date_gmt":"2023-07-29T16:03:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/statorials.org\/ar\/%d8%a7%d8%ae%d8%aa%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%8a%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%82%d8%aa%d8%b1%d9%86%d8%a9-%d8%b1\/"},"modified":"2023-07-29T16:03:36","modified_gmt":"2023-07-29T16:03:36","slug":"%d8%a7%d8%ae%d8%aa%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%8a%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%82%d8%aa%d8%b1%d9%86%d8%a9-%d8%b1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/statorials.org\/ar\/%d8%a7%d8%ae%d8%aa%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%8a%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%82%d8%aa%d8%b1%d9%86%d8%a9-%d8%b1\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 t \u0644\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a r"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/p>\n

\n

\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 t \u0644\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0646\u0629<\/a> \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629<\/a> \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0644\u0646\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0637\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0646 20 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642. \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0646. \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0646\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 t \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 t \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0646<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 t \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0646\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649: \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0629.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u062d 0<\/sub> : \u03bc \u062f<\/sub> = 0<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

H a<\/sub> : \u03bc d<\/sub> \u2260 0<\/strong> (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0646)<\/span>
H a<\/sub> : \u03bc d<\/sub> > 0<\/strong> (\u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628)<\/span>
H a<\/sub> : \u03bc d<\/sub> <0<\/strong> (\u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628)<\/span><\/p>\n

\u062d\u064a\u062b \u03bcd<\/sub><\/strong> \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 2: \u0627\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 p \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0623<\/em> = \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0648 \u0628<\/em> = \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a. \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u0635\u0641\u0631:<\/span><\/p>\n

    \n
  • \u0627\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0632\u0648\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a (d i<\/sub> = b i<\/sub> \u2013 a i<\/sub> )<\/span><\/li>\n
  • \u0627\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 (\u062f)<\/span><\/li>\n
  • \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0642 \u062f<\/sub><\/span><\/li>\n
  • \u0627\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 t\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a T = d \/ (s d<\/sub> \/ \u221an)<\/span><\/li>\n
  • \u0623\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 p \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a t \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 n-1<\/em> .<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 3: \u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

    \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 p \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0630\u0648 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0646\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0645.<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 t \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0646 \u0641\u064a R<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n

    \u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 t \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0629 R\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0645\u0646\u0629 t.test()<\/strong> \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/span><\/p>\n

    t.test<\/strong> (x\u060c y\u060c \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0646 = TRUE\u060c \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 = “\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0646”)<\/span><\/p>\n

      \n
    • x,y:<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0631\u063a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0645\u0627<\/span><\/li>\n
    • \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0646:<\/strong> \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0631\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 t \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0646<\/span><\/li>\n
    • \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644:<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0629. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 “\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0646” (\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a)\u060c \u0623\u0648 “\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649” \u0623\u0648 “\u0623\u0633\u0641\u0644”.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 t \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0640 20 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627.<\/span><\/p>\n

      \u0642\u0645 \u0628\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

      \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a:<\/span><\/p>\n

       #create the dataset<\/span>\ndata <- data.frame(score = c(85,85, 78, 78, 92, 94, 91, 85, 72, 97,\n                             84, 95, 99, 80, 90, 88, 95, 90, 96, 89,\n                             84, 88, 88, 90, 92, 93, 91, 85, 80, 93,\n                             97, 100, 93, 91, 90, 87, 94, 83, 92, 95),\n                   group = c(rep('pre', 20), rep('post', 20)))\n\n#view the dataset\n<\/span>data\n\n#scoregroup\n#1 85 pre\n#2 85 pre\n#3 78 pre\n#4 78 pre\n#5 92 pre\n#6 94 pre\n#7 91 pre\n#8 85 pre\n#9 72 pre\n#10 97 pre\n#11 84 pre\n#12 95 pre\n#13 99 pre\n#14 80 pre\n#15 90 pre\n#16 88 pre\n#17 95 pre\n#18 90 pre\n#19 96 pre\n#20 89 pre\n#21 84 post\n#22 88 post\n#23 88 post\n#24 90 post\n#25 92 post\n#26 93 post\n#27 91 post\n#28 85 post\n#29 80 post\n#30 93 post\n#31 97 post\n#32 100 posts\n#33 93 post\n#34 91 post\n#35 90 post\n#36 87 post\n#37 94 post\n#38 83 post\n#39 92 post\n#40 95 post\n<\/strong><\/pre>\n
       \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n
       \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0644\u0642\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 group_by()<\/strong> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635<\/strong> ()<\/strong> \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 dplyr<\/strong> :<\/span><\/p>\n
       #load dplyr<\/em> library\nlibrary(dplyr)<\/span>\n\n#find sample size, mean, and standard deviation for each group\ndata %>%\ngroup_by<\/span> (group) %>%\n  summarize<\/span> (\n    count = n(),\n    mean = mean(score),\n    sd = sd(score)\n  )\n<\/span><\/span>\n# A tibble: 2 x 4\n# group count mean sd\n#     \n#1 post 20 90.3 4.88\n#2 pre 20 88.2 7.24<\/strong><\/pre>\n
       \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 boxplots \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 boxplot()<\/strong> \u0641\u064a R \u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629:<\/span><\/p>\n
       boxplot<\/span> (score~group,\n  data=data,\n  main=\"Test Scores by Group\",\n  xlab=\"Group\",\n  ylab=\"Score\",\n  col=\"steelblue\",\n  border=\"black\"\n)<\/strong><\/pre>\n
       \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0632\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/em> \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629<\/em> . \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f<\/em> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644<\/em> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n
       \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a \u0647\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0630\u0627 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 t \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0646.<\/span><\/p>\n
       \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 t \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0646<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n
       \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 t \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0646\u060c \u0646\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u0647 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a (\u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627). \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0647 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0634\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648-\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627:<\/span><\/p>\n
       #define new vector for difference between post and pre scores\n<\/span>differences <- with(data, score[group == \"post\"] - score[group == \"pre\"])\n\n#perform shapiro-wilk test for normality on this vector of values\n<\/span>shapiro.test(differences)\n\n# Shapiro-Wilk normality test\n#\n#data: differences\n#W = 0.92307, p-value = 0.1135\n#<\/strong><\/pre>\n
       \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 p \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u064a 0.1135\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 alpha = 0.05. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 t \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0646.<\/span><\/p>\n
       \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 t \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0646:<\/span><\/p>\n
       t.test<\/span> (score~group, data = data, paired = TRUE)\n\n# Paired t-test\n#\n#data: score by group\n#t = 1.588, df = 19, p-value = 0.1288\n#alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0\n#95 percent confidence interval:\n# -0.6837307 4.9837307\n#sample estimates:\n#mean of the differences \n#2.15 \n<\/strong><\/span><\/pre>\n
       \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646:<\/span><\/p>\n
        \n
      •  \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 t<\/strong> \u0647\u064a 1.588<\/strong> .<\/span><\/li>\n
      •  \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 p \u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0645\u0639 19 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 (df) \u0647\u064a 0.1288<\/strong> .<\/span><\/li>\n
      •  \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 95% \u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0647\u064a (-0.6837, 4.9837)<\/strong> .<\/span><\/li>\n
      •  \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 2.15<\/strong> .<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
         \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 p \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u0648 0.05\u060c \u0641\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0646\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n
         \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631.<\/span><\/p>\n
         \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629 95% \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0646\u0627 “\u0648\u0627\u062b\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 95%” \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 -0.6837<\/strong> \u0648 4.9837<\/strong> .<\/span><\/p>\n
         \u0648\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0635\u0641\u0631<\/em> \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0631<\/em> \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u0634\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
        \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 t \u0644\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0644\u0646\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0637\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0646 20 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642. 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