{"id":911,"date":"2023-07-28T08:19:55","date_gmt":"2023-07-28T08:19:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/statorials.org\/my\/zr-%e1%80%9b%e1%80%99%e1%80%be%e1%80%90%e1%80%ba\/"},"modified":"2023-07-28T08:19:55","modified_gmt":"2023-07-28T08:19:55","slug":"zr-%e1%80%9b%e1%80%99%e1%80%be%e1%80%90%e1%80%ba","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/statorials.org\/my\/zr-%e1%80%9b%e1%80%99%e1%80%be%e1%80%90%e1%80%ba\/","title":{"rendered":"R \u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a z \u101b\u1019\u103e\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><\/p>\n<hr>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u1000\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1002\u100f\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1005\u102c\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1007\u101a\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a\u104a <strong>z-score \u101e\u100a\u103a<\/strong> \u1005\u1036\u1014\u103e\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1019\u103e \u1010\u1014\u103a\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u101e\u103d\u1031\u1016\u100a\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1019\u100a\u103a\u1019\u103b\u103e\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101e\u100a\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1015\u103c\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b z-score \u1000\u102d\u102f\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u101b\u1014\u103a \u1021\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1015\u102b\u1016\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1019\u103c\u1030\u101c\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1000\u103b\u103d\u1014\u103a\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102f\u101e\u100a\u103a-<\/span><\/p>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>z<\/strong> = (X \u2013 \u03bc) \/ \u03c3<\/span><\/p>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u101b\u103d\u103e\u1031-<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">X \u101e\u100a\u103a \u1012\u1031\u1010\u102c\u1021\u1000\u103c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1010\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1010\u1014\u103a\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/span><\/li>\n<li> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00b5 \u101e\u100a\u103a \u101c\u1030\u1026\u1038\u101b\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1006\u102d\u102f\u101c\u102d\u102f\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/span><\/li>\n<li> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u03c3 \u101e\u100a\u103a \u101c\u1030\u1026\u1038\u101b\u1031\u1005\u1036\u101e\u103d\u1031\u1016\u100a\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u1024\u101e\u1004\u103a\u1001\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1005\u102c\u101e\u100a\u103a R \u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1012\u1031\u1010\u102c\u1000\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1000\u103c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1010\u1014\u103a\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a z-\u101b\u1019\u103e\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u103c\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/span><\/p>\n<h3> <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>\u1025\u1015\u1019\u102c 1- Vector \u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a Z-\u101b\u1019\u103e\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101b\u103e\u102c\u1016\u103d\u1031\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u104b<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u1021\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1015\u102b\u1000\u102f\u1012\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a vector \u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1012\u1031\u1010\u102c\u1021\u1000\u103c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1005\u102e\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a z-score \u1000\u102d\u102f\u1019\u100a\u103a\u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101b\u103e\u102c\u1016\u103d\u1031\u101b\u1019\u100a\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1015\u103c\u101e\u101e\u100a\u103a-<\/span><\/p>\n<pre style=\"background-color: #ececec; font-size: 15px;\"> <strong><span style=\"color: #008080;\">#create vector of data<\/span>\ndata &lt;- c(6, 7, 7, 12, 13, 13, 15, 16, 19, 22)\n\n<span style=\"color: #008080;\">#find z-score for each data value<\/span> \nz_scores &lt;- (data-mean(data))\/sd(data)\n\n<span style=\"color: #008080;\">#display z-scores<\/span>\nz_scores\n\n[1] -1.3228757 -1.1338934 -1.1338934 -0.1889822 0.0000000 0.0000000\n[7] 0.3779645 0.5669467 1.1338934 1.7008401\n<\/strong><\/pre>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">z-score \u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1005\u102e\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1010\u1005\u103a\u1026\u1038\u1001\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u1014\u103a\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1015\u103b\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u103e\u1011\u1036\u1019\u103e \u1005\u1036\u101e\u103d\u1031\u1016\u100a\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f \u1019\u100a\u103a\u1019\u103b\u103e\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101e\u100a\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1015\u103c\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1025\u1015\u1019\u102c\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1037:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">&#8220; 6&#8221;  \u104f \u1015\u1011\u1019\u1000\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1000\u103c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1012\u1031\u1010\u102c\u1010\u1014\u103a\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1015\u103b\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u103e <em>\u1021\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d<\/em> <strong>1.323<\/strong> \u1005\u1036\u101e\u103d\u1031\u1016\u102e\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/span><\/li>\n<li> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u1015\u1009\u1039\u1005\u1019\u1021\u1000\u103c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1011\u100a\u103a\u1012\u1031\u1010\u102c\u1010\u1014\u103a\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1038 &#8220; 13&#8221;  \u101e\u100a\u103a <strong>0<\/strong> \u1005\u1036\u1014\u103e\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e \u101e\u103d\u1031\u1016\u102e\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104a \u1006\u102d\u102f\u101c\u102d\u102f\u101e\u100a\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102c \u104e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1006\u102d\u102f\u101c\u102d\u102f\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u100a\u102e\u1019\u103b\u103e\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/span><\/li>\n<li> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">&#8220; 22&#8221;  \u104f \u1014\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1000\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1000\u103c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1012\u1031\u1010\u102c\u1010\u1014\u103a\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1015\u103b\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u103e <em>\u1021\u1011\u1000\u103a<\/em> <strong>1.701<\/strong> \u1005\u1036\u101e\u103d\u1031\u1016\u102e\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3> <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>\u1025\u1015\u1019\u102c 2- DataFrame \u101b\u103e\u102d \u1000\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101c\u1036\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a Z-Scores \u1000\u102d\u102f\u101b\u103e\u102c\u1015\u102b\u104b<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u1021\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1015\u102b\u1000\u102f\u1012\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1012\u1031\u1010\u102c\u1018\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u104f \u1000\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101c\u1036\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1012\u1031\u1010\u102c\u1021\u1000\u103c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1010\u1014\u103a\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1005\u102e\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a z-score \u1000\u102d\u102f \u1019\u100a\u103a\u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101b\u103e\u102c\u1016\u103d\u1031\u101b\u1019\u100a\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1015\u103c\u101e\u101e\u100a\u103a-<\/span><\/p>\n<pre style=\"background-color: #ececec; font-size: 15px;\"> <strong><span style=\"color: #008080;\">#create dataframe<\/span>\ndf &lt;- data.frame(assists = c(4, 4, 6, 7, 9, 13),\n                 points = c(24, 29, 13, 15, 19, 22),\n                 rebounds = c(5, 5, 7, 8, 14, 15))\n\n<span style=\"color: #008080;\">#find z-score for each data value in the 'points' column\n<\/span>z_scores &lt;- (df$points-mean(df$points))\/sd(df$points)\n\n<span style=\"color: #008080;\">#display z-scores<\/span>\nz_scores\n\n[1] 0.6191904 1.4635409 -1.2383807 -0.9006405 -0.2251601 0.2814502\n<\/strong><\/pre>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">z-score \u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1005\u102e\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1010\u1005\u103a\u1026\u1038\u1001\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u1014\u103a\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1015\u103b\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u103e\u1011\u1036\u1019\u103e \u1005\u1036\u101e\u103d\u1031\u1016\u100a\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f \u1019\u100a\u103a\u1019\u103b\u103e\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101e\u100a\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1015\u103c\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1025\u1015\u1019\u102c\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1037:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">&#8220; 24&#8221;  \u104f \u1015\u1011\u1019\u1000\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1000\u103c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1012\u1031\u1010\u102c\u1010\u1014\u103a\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1015\u103b\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u103e <em>\u1021\u1011\u1000\u103a<\/em> <strong>0.619<\/strong> \u1005\u1036\u101e\u103d\u1031\u1016\u102e\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/span><\/li>\n<li> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u1012\u102f\u1010\u102d\u101a\u1021\u1000\u103c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1011\u100a\u103a\u1012\u1031\u1010\u102c\u1010\u1014\u103a\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1038 &#8220; 29&#8221;  \u101e\u100a\u103a \u1015\u103b\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u103e <em>\u1011\u1000\u103a<\/em> <strong>1.464<\/strong> \u1005\u1036\u101e\u103d\u1031\u1016\u102e\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/span><\/li>\n<li> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u1010\u1010\u102d\u101a\u1021\u1000\u103c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1011\u100a\u103a\u1012\u1031\u1010\u102c\u1010\u1014\u103a\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1038 &#8220; 13&#8221;  \u101e\u100a\u103a \u1006\u102d\u102f\u101c\u102d\u102f\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038 <em>\u1021\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a<\/em> <strong>1.238<\/strong> \u1005\u1036\u101e\u103d\u1031\u1016\u100a\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u1014\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a &#8230; \u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037\u104b<\/span><\/p>\n<h3> <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>\u1025\u1015\u1019\u102c 3- DataFrame \u101b\u103e\u102d \u1000\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101c\u1036\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1005\u102e\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a Z-\u101b\u1019\u103e\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101b\u103e\u102c\u1015\u102b\u104b<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u1021\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1015\u102b\u1000\u102f\u1012\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a <a href=\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/my\/lapply-sapply-\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a-tapply-r-\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a-\u1021\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1001\u103b\u101b\u1014\u103a-\u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u100a\u103d\u103e\u1014\u103a\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sapply() \u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f<\/a> \u1021\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102f\u104d \u1012\u1031\u1010\u102c\u1018\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1005\u102e\u104f \u1000\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101c\u1036\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1005\u102e\u101b\u103e\u102d \u1012\u1031\u1010\u102c\u1021\u1000\u103c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1005\u102e\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a z-score \u1000\u102d\u102f \u1019\u100a\u103a\u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101b\u103e\u102c\u1016\u103d\u1031\u101b\u1019\u100a\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1015\u103c\u101e\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/span><\/p>\n<pre style=\"background-color: #ececec; font-size: 15px;\"> <strong><span style=\"color: #008080;\">#create dataframe<\/span>\ndf &lt;- data.frame(assists = c(4, 4, 6, 7, 9, 13),\n                 points = c(24, 29, 13, 15, 19, 22),\n                 rebounds = c(5, 5, 7, 8, 14, 15))\n\n<span style=\"color: #008080;\">#find z-scores of each column<\/span>\nsapply(df, function(df) (df-mean(df))\/sd(df))\n\n         assists points rebounds\n[1,] -0.92315712 0.6191904 -0.9035079\n[2,] -0.92315712 1.4635409 -0.9035079\n[3,] -0.34011052 -1.2383807 -0.4517540\n[4,] -0.04858722 -0.9006405 -0.2258770\n[5,] 0.53445939 -0.2251601 1.1293849\n[6,] 1.70055260 0.2814502 1.3552619<\/strong><\/pre>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u1010\u1014\u103a\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1005\u102e\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a z-\u101b\u1019\u103e\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u104e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1010\u100a\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1014\u1031\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a \u1000\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101c\u1036\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1014\u103e\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101a\u103e\u1009\u103a\u1015\u103c\u101e\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1025\u1015\u1019\u102c\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1037:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u1015\u1011\u1019\u1000\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101c\u1036\u101b\u103e\u102d &#8220; 4&#8221;  \u104f \u1015\u1011\u1019\u1010\u1014\u103a\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u104e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u104f\u1000\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101c\u1036\u104f \u1015\u103b\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u103e\u1010\u1014\u103a\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1038 <i>\u1021\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a<\/i> <strong>0.923<\/strong> \u1005\u1036\u101e\u103d\u1031\u1016\u100a\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/span><\/li>\n<li> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u1012\u102f\u1010\u102d\u101a\u1000\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101c\u1036\u101b\u103e\u102d &#8220; 24&#8221;  \u104f\u1015\u1011\u1019\u1010\u1014\u103a\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u104e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u104f\u1000\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101c\u1036\u104f\u1015\u103b\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u103e\u1010\u1014\u103a\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1038 <i>\u1021\u1011\u1000\u103a<\/i> <strong>0.619<\/strong> \u1005\u1036\u101e\u103d\u1031\u1016\u102e\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/span><\/li>\n<li> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u1010\u1010\u102d\u101a\u1000\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101c\u1036\u101b\u103e\u102d &#8220; 9&#8221;  \u104f \u1015\u1011\u1019\u1010\u1014\u103a\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u104e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u104f\u1000\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101c\u1036\u104f\u1015\u103b\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u103e\u1010\u1014\u103a\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1011\u1000\u103a <strong>0.904<\/strong> \u1005\u1036\u101e\u103d\u1031\u1016\u100a\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 <em>\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a<\/em> \u104b<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u1014\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a &#8230; \u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037\u104b<\/span><\/p>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em>\u1014\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1011\u1015\u103a R \u101e\u1004\u103a\u1001\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1005\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f <a href=\"https:\/\/statorials.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u1024\u1014\u1031\u101b\u102c\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a<\/a> \u101b\u103e\u102c\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u1000\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1002\u100f\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1005\u102c\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1007\u101a\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a\u104a z-score \u101e\u100a\u103a \u1005\u1036\u1014\u103e\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1019\u103e \u1010\u1014\u103a\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u101e\u103d\u1031\u1016\u100a\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1019\u100a\u103a\u1019\u103b\u103e\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101e\u100a\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1015\u103c\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b z-score \u1000\u102d\u102f\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u101b\u1014\u103a \u1021\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1015\u102b\u1016\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1019\u103c\u1030\u101c\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1000\u103b\u103d\u1014\u103a\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102f\u101e\u100a\u103a- z = (X \u2013 \u03bc) \/ \u03c3 \u101b\u103d\u103e\u1031- X \u101e\u100a\u103a \u1012\u1031\u1010\u102c\u1021\u1000\u103c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1010\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1010\u1014\u103a\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u00b5 \u101e\u100a\u103a \u101c\u1030\u1026\u1038\u101b\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1006\u102d\u102f\u101c\u102d\u102f\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u03c3 \u101e\u100a\u103a \u101c\u1030\u1026\u1038\u101b\u1031\u1005\u1036\u101e\u103d\u1031\u1016\u100a\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1024\u101e\u1004\u103a\u1001\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1005\u102c\u101e\u100a\u103a R \u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1012\u1031\u1010\u102c\u1000\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1000\u103c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1010\u1014\u103a\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a z-\u101b\u1019\u103e\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u103c\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1025\u1015\u1019\u102c 1- Vector \u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a Z-\u101b\u1019\u103e\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101b\u103e\u102c\u1016\u103d\u1031\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u104b \u1021\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1015\u102b\u1000\u102f\u1012\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a vector \u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1012\u1031\u1010\u102c\u1021\u1000\u103c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1005\u102e\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a z-score \u1000\u102d\u102f\u1019\u100a\u103a\u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101b\u103e\u102c\u1016\u103d\u1031\u101b\u1019\u100a\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1015\u103c\u101e\u101e\u100a\u103a- #create vector of data data &lt;- c(6, 7, 7, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>R - Statorials \u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a Z \u101b\u1019\u103e\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u1025\u1015\u1019\u102c\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1021\u1015\u102b\u1021\u101d\u1004\u103a R \u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a z-\u101b\u1019\u103e\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f 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