{"id":1129,"date":"2023-07-27T13:39:32","date_gmt":"2023-07-27T13:39:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pl\/test-niezaleznosci-chi-kwadrat-w-r\/"},"modified":"2023-07-27T13:39:32","modified_gmt":"2023-07-27T13:39:32","slug":"test-niezaleznosci-chi-kwadrat-w-r","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pl\/test-niezaleznosci-chi-kwadrat-w-r\/","title":{"rendered":"Test niezale\u017cno\u015bci chi-kwadrat w r (z przyk\u0142adami)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><\/p>\n<hr>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pl\/test-niezaleznosci-chi-kwadrat\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Test niezale\u017cno\u015bci chi-kwadrat<\/a> s\u0142u\u017cy do okre\u015blenia, czy istnieje istotny zwi\u0105zek mi\u0119dzy dwiema <a href=\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pl\/kategoryczne-a-ilosciowe\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">zmiennymi kategorycznymi<\/a> .<\/span><\/p>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">W tym samouczku wyja\u015bniono, jak wykona\u0107 test niezale\u017cno\u015bci chi-kwadrat w j\u0119zyku R.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3> <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Przyk\u0142ad: test chi-kwadrat niezale\u017cno\u015bci w R<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Za\u0142\u00f3\u017cmy, \u017ce chcemy wiedzie\u0107, czy p\u0142e\u0107 jest powi\u0105zana z preferencj\u0105 partii politycznej. Bierzemy prost\u0105 losow\u0105 pr\u00f3b\u0119 500 wyborc\u00f3w i pytamy ich o preferencje dotycz\u0105ce partii politycznych. Wyniki badania prezentuje poni\u017csza tabela:<\/span><\/p>\n<table width=\"379\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"84\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"74\"> <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Republika\u0144ski<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"74\"> <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Demokrata<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"110\"> <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Niezale\u017cny<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"37\"> <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Ca\u0142kowity<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td> <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>M\u0119\u017cczyzna<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">120<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">90<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">40<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">250<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td> <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Kobieta<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">110<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">95<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">45<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">250<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td> <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Ca\u0142kowity<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">230<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">185<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">85<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">500<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Wykonaj poni\u017csze kroki, aby przeprowadzi\u0107 test niezale\u017cno\u015bci chi-kwadrat w R w celu ustalenia, czy p\u0142e\u0107 jest powi\u0105zana z preferencjami partii politycznych.<\/span><\/p>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Krok 1: Utw\u00f3rz dane.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Najpierw <a href=\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pl\/utworz-tabele-w-r\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">utworzymy tabel\u0119<\/a> do przechowywania naszych danych:<\/span><\/p>\n<pre style=\"background-color: #ececec; font-size: 15px;\"> <strong><span style=\"color: #008080;\">#create table<\/span>\ndata &lt;- matrix(c(120, 90, 40, 110, 95, 45), ncol= <span style=\"color: #993300;\">3<\/span> , byrow= <span style=\"color: #993300;\">TRUE<\/span> )\ncolnames(data) &lt;- c(\" <span style=\"color: #008000;\">Rep<\/span> \",\" <span style=\"color: #008000;\">Dem<\/span> \",\" <span style=\"color: #008000;\">Ind<\/span> \")\nrownames(data) &lt;- c(\" <span style=\"color: #008000;\">Male<\/span> \",\" <span style=\"color: #008000;\">Female<\/span> \")\ndata &lt;- <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">as.table<\/span> (data)\n\n<span style=\"color: #008080;\">#view table<\/span>\ndata\n\n       Rep Dem Ind\nMale 120 90 40\nFemale 110 95 45\n<\/strong><\/pre>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Krok 2: Wykonaj test niezale\u017cno\u015bci chi-kwadrat.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Nast\u0119pnie mo\u017cemy wykona\u0107 test niezale\u017cno\u015bci chi-kwadrat za pomoc\u0105 funkcji <strong>chisq.test()<\/strong> :<\/span><\/p>\n<pre style=\"background-color: #ececec; font-size: 15px;\"> <strong><span style=\"color: #008080;\">#Perform Chi-Square Test of Independence<\/span>\nchisq.test(data)\n\n\tPearson's Chi-squared test\n\ndata:data\nX-squared = 0.86404, df = 2, p-value = 0.6492\n<\/strong><\/pre>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Spos\u00f3b interpretacji wyniku jest nast\u0119puj\u0105cy:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Statystyka testu chi-kwadrat: <strong>0,86404<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Stopnie swobody: <strong>2<\/strong> (obliczane jako #rows-1 * #columns-1)<\/span><\/li>\n<li> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Warto\u015b\u0107 p: <strong>0,6492<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Przypomnijmy, \u017ce <a href=\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pl\/test-niezaleznosci-chi-kwadrat\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">w te\u015bcie niezale\u017cno\u015bci chi-kwadrat<\/a> wykorzystuje si\u0119 nast\u0119puj\u0105ce hipotezy zerowe i alternatywne:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li> <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>H <sub>0<\/sub> : (hipoteza zerowa)<\/strong> Te dwie zmienne s\u0105 niezale\u017cne.<\/span><\/li>\n<li> <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>H <sub>1<\/sub> : (hipoteza alternatywna)<\/strong> Te dwie zmienne <em>nie<\/em> s\u0105 niezale\u017cne.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Poniewa\u017c warto\u015b\u0107 p (0,6492) testu jest nie mniejsza ni\u017c 0,05, nie mo\u017cemy odrzuci\u0107 hipotezy zerowej. Oznacza to, \u017ce nie mamy wystarczaj\u0105cych dowod\u00f3w, aby stwierdzi\u0107, \u017ce istnieje zwi\u0105zek mi\u0119dzy p\u0142ci\u0105 a preferencjami partii politycznych.<\/span><\/p>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Innymi s\u0142owy, preferencje dotycz\u0105ce p\u0142ci i partii politycznych s\u0105 niezale\u017cne.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3> <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Dodatkowe zasoby<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p> <a href=\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pl\/test-niezaleznosci-chi-kwadrat\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Wprowadzenie do testu niezale\u017cno\u015bci chi-kwadrat<\/a><br \/> <a href=\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pl\/kalkulator-testu-niezaleznosci-chi-kwadrat\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Test chi-kwadrat kalkulatora niezale\u017cno\u015bci<\/a><br \/> <a href=\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pl\/wartosc-p-chi-kwadrat-r-statystyka\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Jak obliczy\u0107 warto\u015b\u0107 P statystyki chi-kwadrat w R<\/a><br \/> <a href=\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pl\/chi-kwadrat-wartosc-krytyczna-r\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Jak znale\u017a\u0107 krytyczn\u0105 warto\u015b\u0107 chi-kwadrat w R<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Test niezale\u017cno\u015bci chi-kwadrat s\u0142u\u017cy do okre\u015blenia, czy istnieje istotny zwi\u0105zek mi\u0119dzy dwiema zmiennymi kategorycznymi . W tym samouczku wyja\u015bniono, jak wykona\u0107 test niezale\u017cno\u015bci chi-kwadrat w j\u0119zyku R. Przyk\u0142ad: test chi-kwadrat niezale\u017cno\u015bci w R Za\u0142\u00f3\u017cmy, \u017ce chcemy wiedzie\u0107, czy p\u0142e\u0107 jest powi\u0105zana z preferencj\u0105 partii politycznej. Bierzemy prost\u0105 losow\u0105 pr\u00f3b\u0119 500 wyborc\u00f3w i pytamy ich o [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1129","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-przewodnik"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Test niezale\u017cno\u015bci chi-kwadrat w R (z przyk\u0142adami)<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"W tym samouczku wyja\u015bniono, na przyk\u0142adzie, jak wykona\u0107 test niezale\u017cno\u015bci chi-kwadrat w j\u0119zyku R.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pl\/test-niezaleznosci-chi-kwadrat-w-r\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"pl_PL\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Test niezale\u017cno\u015bci chi-kwadrat w R (z przyk\u0142adami)\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"W tym samouczku wyja\u015bniono, na przyk\u0142adzie, jak wykona\u0107 test niezale\u017cno\u015bci chi-kwadrat w j\u0119zyku R.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pl\/test-niezaleznosci-chi-kwadrat-w-r\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Statorials\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2023-07-27T13:39:32+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Benjamin Anderson\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Napisane przez\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Benjamin Anderson\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Szacowany czas czytania\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"2 minuty\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pl\/test-niezaleznosci-chi-kwadrat-w-r\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pl\/test-niezaleznosci-chi-kwadrat-w-r\/\",\"name\":\"Test niezale\u017cno\u015bci chi-kwadrat w R (z przyk\u0142adami)\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pl\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2023-07-27T13:39:32+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2023-07-27T13:39:32+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pl\/#\/schema\/person\/6484727a4612df3e69f016c3129c6965\"},\"description\":\"W tym samouczku wyja\u015bniono, na przyk\u0142adzie, jak wykona\u0107 test niezale\u017cno\u015bci chi-kwadrat w j\u0119zyku R.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pl\/test-niezaleznosci-chi-kwadrat-w-r\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"pl-PL\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pl\/test-niezaleznosci-chi-kwadrat-w-r\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pl\/test-niezaleznosci-chi-kwadrat-w-r\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Dom\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pl\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Test niezale\u017cno\u015bci chi-kwadrat w r (z przyk\u0142adami)\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pl\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pl\/\",\"name\":\"Statorials\",\"description\":\"Tw\u00f3j przewodnik po kompetencjach statystycznych!\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pl\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":\"required name=search_term_string\"}],\"inLanguage\":\"pl-PL\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pl\/#\/schema\/person\/6484727a4612df3e69f016c3129c6965\",\"name\":\"Benjamin Anderson\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"pl-PL\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pl\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Benjamin-Anderson-96x96.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Benjamin-Anderson-96x96.jpg\",\"caption\":\"Benjamin Anderson\"},\"description\":\"Cze\u015b\u0107, jestem Benjamin i jestem emerytowanym profesorem statystyki, kt\u00f3ry zosta\u0142 oddanym nauczycielem Statorials. 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