{"id":1337,"date":"2023-07-26T19:48:52","date_gmt":"2023-07-26T19:48:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pl\/histogram-reszt-w-r\/"},"modified":"2023-07-26T19:48:52","modified_gmt":"2023-07-26T19:48:52","slug":"histogram-reszt-w-r","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pl\/histogram-reszt-w-r\/","title":{"rendered":"Jak utworzy\u0107 histogram reszt w r"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><\/p>\n<hr>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Jednym z g\u0142\u00f3wnych <a href=\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pl\/za\u0142ozenia-regresji-liniowej\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">za\u0142o\u017ce\u0144 regresji liniowej<\/a> jest to, \u017ce <a href=\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pl\/pozosta\u0142osc\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reszty<\/a> maj\u0105 rozk\u0142ad normalny.<\/span><\/p>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Jednym ze sposob\u00f3w wizualnej weryfikacji tego za\u0142o\u017cenia jest utworzenie histogramu reszt i obserwacja, czy rozk\u0142ad ma kszta\u0142t dzwonu przypominaj\u0105cy <a href=\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pl\/rozk\u0142ad-normalny\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rozk\u0142ad normalny<\/a> .<\/span><\/p>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">W tym samouczku przedstawiono krok po kroku przyk\u0142ad tworzenia histogramu reszt dla modelu regresji w j\u0119zyku R.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3> <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Krok 1: Utw\u00f3rz dane<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Najpierw utw\u00f3rzmy fa\u0142szywe dane do pracy:<\/span><\/p>\n<pre style=\"background-color: #ececec; font-size: 15px;\"> <strong><span style=\"color: #008080;\">#make this example reproducible\n<\/span>set.seed(0)\n\n<span style=\"color: #008080;\">#createdata\n<\/span>x1 &lt;- rnorm(n=100, 2, 1)\nx2 &lt;- rnorm(100, 4, 3)\ny &lt;- rnorm(100, 2, 3)\ndata &lt;- data.frame(x1, x2, y)\n\n<span style=\"color: #008080;\">#view first six rows of data\n<\/span>head(data)\n\n        x1 x2 y\n1 3.262954 6.3455776 -1.1371530\n2 1.673767 1.6696701 -0.6886338\n3 3.329799 2.1520303 5.8081615\n4 3.272429 4.1397409 3.7815228\n5 2.414641 0.6088427 4.3269030\n6 0.460050 5.7301563 6.6721111<\/strong><\/pre>\n<h3> <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Krok 2: Dopasuj model regresji<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Nast\u0119pnie dopasujemy do danych <a href=\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pl\/wielokrotna-regresja-liniowa-r\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">model wielokrotnej regresji liniowej<\/a> :<\/span><\/p>\n<pre style=\"background-color: #ececec; font-size: 15px;\"> <strong><span style=\"color: #008080;\">#fit multiple linear regression model\n<\/span>model &lt;- lm(y ~ x1 + x2, data=data)<\/strong><\/pre>\n<h3> <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Krok 3: Utw\u00f3rz histogram reszt<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Na koniec u\u017cyjemy pakietu wizualizacji <strong>ggplot<\/strong> do stworzenia histogramu reszt modelu:<\/span> <\/p>\n<pre style=\"background-color: #ececec; font-size: 15px;\"> <strong><span style=\"color: #008080;\">#load ggplot2\n<span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #993300;\">library<\/span> (ggplot2)<\/span>\n\n#create histogram of residuals\n<span style=\"color: #000000;\">ggplot(data = data, <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">aes<\/span> (x = model$residuals)) +\n    geom_histogram(fill = ' <span style=\"color: #008000;\">steelblue<\/span> ', color = ' <span style=\"color: #008000;\">black<\/span> ') +\n    labs(title = ' <span style=\"color: #008000;\">Histogram of Residuals<\/span> ', x = ' <span style=\"color: #008000;\">Residuals<\/span> ', y = ' <span style=\"color: #008000;\">Frequency<\/span> ')\n<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/pre>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-13063 \" src=\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/histresid1.png\" alt=\"Histogram reszt w R\" width=\"452\" height=\"454\" srcset=\"\" sizes=\"auto, \"><\/p>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Zauwa\u017c, \u017ce mo\u017cemy r\u00f3wnie\u017c okre\u015bli\u0107 liczb\u0119 pojemnik\u00f3w, w kt\u00f3rych nale\u017cy umie\u015bci\u0107 pozosta\u0142o\u015bci, u\u017cywaj\u0105c argumentu <strong>bin<\/strong> .<\/span><\/p>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Im mniej p\u00f3l, tym szersze s\u0142upki b\u0119d\u0105 na histogramie. Na przyk\u0142ad mo\u017cemy okre\u015bli\u0107 <strong>20 pojemnik\u00f3w<\/strong> :<\/span> <\/p>\n<pre style=\"background-color: #ececec; font-size: 15px;\"> <strong><span style=\"color: #008080;\">#create histogram of residuals\n<span style=\"color: #000000;\">ggplot(data = data, <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">aes<\/span> (x = model$residuals)) +\n    geom_histogram(bins = <span style=\"color: #008000;\">20<\/span> , fill = ' <span style=\"color: #008000;\">steelblue<\/span> ', color = ' <span style=\"color: #008000;\">black<\/span> ') +\n    labs(title = ' <span style=\"color: #008000;\">Histogram of Residuals<\/span> ', x = ' <span style=\"color: #008000;\">Residuals<\/span> ', y = ' <span style=\"color: #008000;\">Frequency<\/span> ')<\/span><\/span><\/strong> <\/pre>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-13064 \" src=\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/histresid2.png\" alt=\"Histogram resztkowy w R\" width=\"459\" height=\"460\" srcset=\"\" sizes=\"auto, \"><\/p>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Lub mogliby\u015bmy okre\u015bli\u0107 <strong>10 pojemnik\u00f3w<\/strong> :<\/span> <\/p>\n<pre style=\"background-color: #ececec; font-size: 15px;\"> <strong><span style=\"color: #008080;\">#create histogram of residuals\n<span style=\"color: #000000;\">ggplot(data = data, <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">aes<\/span> (x = model$residuals)) +\n    geom_histogram(bins = <span style=\"color: #008000;\">10<\/span> , fill = ' <span style=\"color: #008000;\">steelblue<\/span> ', color = ' <span style=\"color: #008000;\">black<\/span> ') +\n    labs(title = ' <span style=\"color: #008000;\">Histogram of Residuals<\/span> ', x = ' <span style=\"color: #008000;\">Residuals<\/span> ', y = ' <span style=\"color: #008000;\">Frequency<\/span> ')<\/span><\/span><\/strong> <\/pre>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-13065 \" src=\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/histresid3.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"455\" height=\"444\" srcset=\"\" sizes=\"auto, \"><\/p>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Bez wzgl\u0119du na to, ile pude\u0142ek okre\u015blimy, mo\u017cemy zobaczy\u0107, \u017ce reszty maj\u0105 w przybli\u017ceniu rozk\u0142ad normalny.<\/span><\/p>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Mogliby\u015bmy r\u00f3wnie\u017c przeprowadzi\u0107 formalny test statystyczny, taki jak Shapiro-Wilk, Ko\u0142mogorow-Smirnow lub Jarque-Bera, aby sprawdzi\u0107 normalno\u015b\u0107.<\/span><\/p>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Nale\u017cy jednak pami\u0119ta\u0107, \u017ce testy te s\u0105 wra\u017cliwe na du\u017ce pr\u00f3bki \u2013 to znaczy cz\u0119sto wyci\u0105gaj\u0105 wniosek, \u017ce reszty nie s\u0105 normalne, gdy wielko\u015b\u0107 pr\u00f3bki jest du\u017ca.<\/span><\/p>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Z tego powodu cz\u0119sto \u0142atwiej jest oceni\u0107 normalno\u015b\u0107, tworz\u0105c histogram reszt.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Jednym z g\u0142\u00f3wnych za\u0142o\u017ce\u0144 regresji liniowej jest to, \u017ce reszty maj\u0105 rozk\u0142ad normalny. Jednym ze sposob\u00f3w wizualnej weryfikacji tego za\u0142o\u017cenia jest utworzenie histogramu reszt i obserwacja, czy rozk\u0142ad ma kszta\u0142t dzwonu przypominaj\u0105cy rozk\u0142ad normalny . W tym samouczku przedstawiono krok po kroku przyk\u0142ad tworzenia histogramu reszt dla modelu regresji w j\u0119zyku R. Krok 1: Utw\u00f3rz [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1337","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-przewodnik"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Jak utworzy\u0107 histogram reszt w R - Statorials<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"W tym samouczku wyja\u015bniono, jak wygenerowa\u0107 histogram reszt w j\u0119zyku R, podaj\u0105c kilka przyk\u0142ad\u00f3w.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pl\/histogram-reszt-w-r\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"pl_PL\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Jak utworzy\u0107 histogram reszt w R - Statorials\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"W tym samouczku wyja\u015bniono, jak wygenerowa\u0107 histogram reszt w j\u0119zyku R, podaj\u0105c kilka przyk\u0142ad\u00f3w.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pl\/histogram-reszt-w-r\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Statorials\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2023-07-26T19:48:52+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/histresid1.png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Benjamin Anderson\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Napisane przez\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Benjamin Anderson\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Szacowany czas czytania\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"2 minuty\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pl\/histogram-reszt-w-r\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pl\/histogram-reszt-w-r\/\",\"name\":\"Jak utworzy\u0107 histogram reszt w R - Statorials\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pl\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2023-07-26T19:48:52+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2023-07-26T19:48:52+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pl\/#\/schema\/person\/6484727a4612df3e69f016c3129c6965\"},\"description\":\"W tym samouczku wyja\u015bniono, jak wygenerowa\u0107 histogram reszt w j\u0119zyku R, podaj\u0105c kilka przyk\u0142ad\u00f3w.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pl\/histogram-reszt-w-r\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"pl-PL\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pl\/histogram-reszt-w-r\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pl\/histogram-reszt-w-r\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Dom\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pl\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Jak utworzy\u0107 histogram reszt w r\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pl\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pl\/\",\"name\":\"Statorials\",\"description\":\"Tw\u00f3j przewodnik po kompetencjach statystycznych!\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pl\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":\"required name=search_term_string\"}],\"inLanguage\":\"pl-PL\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pl\/#\/schema\/person\/6484727a4612df3e69f016c3129c6965\",\"name\":\"Benjamin Anderson\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"pl-PL\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pl\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Benjamin-Anderson-96x96.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Benjamin-Anderson-96x96.jpg\",\"caption\":\"Benjamin Anderson\"},\"description\":\"Cze\u015b\u0107, jestem Benjamin i jestem emerytowanym profesorem statystyki, kt\u00f3ry zosta\u0142 oddanym nauczycielem Statorials. 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