{"id":4026,"date":"2023-07-14T02:21:32","date_gmt":"2023-07-14T02:21:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pl\/litery-w-r\/"},"modified":"2023-07-14T02:21:32","modified_gmt":"2023-07-14T02:21:32","slug":"litery-w-r","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pl\/litery-w-r\/","title":{"rendered":"Jak u\u017cywa\u0107 liter w r (z przyk\u0142adami)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><\/p>\n<hr>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Mo\u017cesz u\u017cy\u0107 sta\u0142ej <strong>LETTERS<\/strong> w R, aby uzyska\u0107 dost\u0119p do liter alfabetu.<\/span><\/p>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Poni\u017csze przyk\u0142ady pokazuj\u0105 najcz\u0119stsze sposoby wykorzystania sta\u0142ej <strong>LITERY<\/strong> w praktyce.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2> <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Przyk\u0142ad 1: Wygeneruj wielkie litery<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Je\u015bli po prostu wpiszesz <strong>LITERY<\/strong> , ka\u017cda litera alfabetu zostanie wy\u015bwietlona wielkimi literami:<\/span><\/p>\n<pre style=\"background-color: #ececec; font-size: 15px;\"> <strong><span style=\"color: #008080;\"><span style=\"color: #008080;\">#display every letter in alphabet in uppercase\n<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">LETTERS\n\n [1] \"A\" \"B\" \"C\" \"D\" \"E\" \"F\" \"G\" \"H\" \"I\" \"J\" \"K\" \"L\" \"M\" \"N\" \"O\" \"P \"Q\" \"R\" \"S\"\n[20] \u201cT\u201d \u201cU\u201d \u201cV\u201d \u201cW\u201d \u201cX\u201d \u201cY\u201d \u201cZ\u201d\n<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/pre>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Aby uzyska\u0107 dost\u0119p do okre\u015blonego podzbioru liter alfabetu, mo\u017cesz u\u017cy\u0107 nast\u0119puj\u0105cej sk\u0142adni:<\/span><\/p>\n<pre style=\"background-color: #ececec; font-size: 15px;\"> <strong><span style=\"color: #008080;\">#display letters in positions 4 through 8 in uppercase\n<span style=\"color: #000000;\">LETTERS[4:8]\n\n[1] \u201cD\u201d \u201cE\u201d \u201cF\u201d \u201cG\u201d \u201cH\u201d\n<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/pre>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Nale\u017cy pami\u0119ta\u0107, \u017ce zwracane s\u0105 tylko litery z pozycji 4-8.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2> <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Przyk\u0142ad 2: Wygeneruj ma\u0142e litery<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Je\u015bli wpiszesz <strong>litery<\/strong> , ka\u017cda litera alfabetu b\u0119dzie wy\u015bwietlona ma\u0142ymi literami:<\/span><\/p>\n<pre style=\"background-color: #ececec; font-size: 15px;\"> <strong><span style=\"color: #008080;\">#display every letter in alphabet in lowercase\n<span style=\"color: #000000;\">letters\n\n [1] \"a\" \"b\" \"c\" \"d\" \"e\" \"f\" \"g\" \"h\" \"i\" \"j\" \"k\" \"l\" \"m\" \"n\" \"o\" \"p \" \"q\" \"r\" \"s\"\n[20] \"t\" \"u\" \"v\" \"w\" \"x\" \"y\" \"z\"\n<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/pre>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Aby uzyska\u0107 dost\u0119p do okre\u015blonego podzbioru liter alfabetu, mo\u017cesz u\u017cy\u0107 nast\u0119puj\u0105cej sk\u0142adni:<\/span><\/p>\n<pre style=\"background-color: #ececec; font-size: 15px;\"> <strong><span style=\"color: #008080;\">#display letters in positions 4 through 8 in lowercase\n<span style=\"color: #000000;\">letters[4:8]\n\n[1] \"d\" \"e\" \"f\" \"g\" \"h\"\n<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/pre>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Nale\u017cy pami\u0119ta\u0107, \u017ce zwracane s\u0105 tylko litery z pozycji 4-8.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2> <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Przyk\u0142ad 3: Wygeneruj losowe litery<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Mo\u017cesz losowo wybra\u0107 liter\u0119 alfabetu za pomoc\u0105 funkcji <strong>sample()<\/strong> :<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<pre style=\"background-color: #ececec; font-size: 15px;\"> <strong><span style=\"color: #008080;\">#select random uppercase letter from alphabet\n<span style=\"color: #000000;\">sample(LETTERS, <span style=\"color: #008000;\">1<\/span> )\n\n[1] \u201cK\u201d\n<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/pre>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Mo\u017cesz tak\u017ce wygenerowa\u0107 losow\u0105 sekwencj\u0119 liter za pomoc\u0105 funkcji <strong>paste()<\/strong> z funkcj\u0105 <strong>sample()<\/strong> :<\/span><\/p>\n<pre style=\"background-color: #ececec; font-size: 15px;\"> <strong><span style=\"color: #008080;\">#generate random sequence of 10 letters in uppercase\n<span style=\"color: #000000;\">paste(sample(LETTERS, <span style=\"color: #008000;\">10<\/span> , replace= <span style=\"color: #008000;\">TRUE<\/span> ), collapse=\"\")\n\n[1] \u201cBPTISQSOJI\u201d\n<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/pre>\n<h2> <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Przyk\u0142ad 4: \u0141\u0105czenie liter z innymi ci\u0105gami znak\u00f3w<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Mo\u017cesz tak\u017ce u\u017cy\u0107 funkcji <strong>Paste()<\/strong> , aby po\u0142\u0105czy\u0107 ka\u017cd\u0105 liter\u0119 alfabetu z innym ci\u0105giem znak\u00f3w:<\/span><\/p>\n<pre style=\"background-color: #ececec; font-size: 15px;\"> <strong><span style=\"color: #008080;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #008080;\">#display each letter with \"letter_\" in front\n<\/span>paste(\" <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">letter_<\/span> \", letters, sep=\"\")\n\n [1] \"letter_a\" \"letter_b\" \"letter_c\" \"letter_d\" \"letter_e\" \"letter_f\"\n [7] \"letter_g\" \"letter_h\" \"letter_i\" \"letter_j\" \"letter_k\" \"letter_l\"\n[13] \"letter_m\" \"letter_n\" \"letter_o\" \"letter_p\" \"letter_q\" \"letter_r\"\n[19] \"letter_s\" \"letter_t\" \"letter_u\" \"letter_v\" \"letter_w\" \"letter_x\"\n[25] \"letter_y\" \"letter_z\"\n<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/pre>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Nale\u017cy pami\u0119ta\u0107, \u017ce \u201elitera_\u201d zosta\u0142a z\u0142\u0105czona na pocz\u0105tku ka\u017cdej litery.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2> <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Dodatkowe zasoby<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Poni\u017csze samouczki wyja\u015bniaj\u0105, jak wykonywa\u0107 inne typowe zadania w j\u0119zyku R:<\/span><\/p>\n<p> <a href=\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pl\/r-usun-ostatni-znak-z-ciagu\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jak usun\u0105\u0107 ostatni znak z \u0142a\u0144cucha w R<\/a><br \/> <a href=\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pl\/r-wyszukaj-znak-w-ciagu\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jak znale\u017a\u0107 lokalizacj\u0119 znaku w ci\u0105gu w R<\/a><br \/> <a href=\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pl\/r-wybierz-kolumny-zawierajace-ciag\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jak wybra\u0107 kolumny zawieraj\u0105ce okre\u015blony ci\u0105g w R<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Mo\u017cesz u\u017cy\u0107 sta\u0142ej LETTERS w R, aby uzyska\u0107 dost\u0119p do liter alfabetu. Poni\u017csze przyk\u0142ady pokazuj\u0105 najcz\u0119stsze sposoby wykorzystania sta\u0142ej LITERY w praktyce. Przyk\u0142ad 1: Wygeneruj wielkie litery Je\u015bli po prostu wpiszesz LITERY , ka\u017cda litera alfabetu zostanie wy\u015bwietlona wielkimi literami: #display every letter in alphabet in uppercase LETTERS [1] &#8222;A&#8221; &#8222;B&#8221; &#8222;C&#8221; &#8222;D&#8221; &#8222;E&#8221; &#8222;F&#8221; [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4026","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-przewodnik"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Jak u\u017cywa\u0107 LITER w R (z przyk\u0142adami) \u2013 Statorials<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"W tym samouczku wyja\u015bniono, jak u\u017cywa\u0107 LITER w j\u0119zyku R, podaj\u0105c kilka przyk\u0142ad\u00f3w.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pl\/litery-w-r\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"pl_PL\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Jak u\u017cywa\u0107 LITER w R (z przyk\u0142adami) \u2013 Statorials\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"W tym samouczku wyja\u015bniono, jak u\u017cywa\u0107 LITER w j\u0119zyku R, podaj\u0105c kilka przyk\u0142ad\u00f3w.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pl\/litery-w-r\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Statorials\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2023-07-14T02:21:32+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Benjamin Anderson\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Napisane przez\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Benjamin Anderson\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Szacowany czas czytania\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"2 minuty\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pl\/litery-w-r\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pl\/litery-w-r\/\",\"name\":\"Jak u\u017cywa\u0107 LITER w R (z przyk\u0142adami) \u2013 Statorials\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pl\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2023-07-14T02:21:32+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2023-07-14T02:21:32+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pl\/#\/schema\/person\/6484727a4612df3e69f016c3129c6965\"},\"description\":\"W tym samouczku wyja\u015bniono, jak u\u017cywa\u0107 LITER w j\u0119zyku R, podaj\u0105c kilka przyk\u0142ad\u00f3w.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pl\/litery-w-r\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"pl-PL\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pl\/litery-w-r\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pl\/litery-w-r\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Dom\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pl\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Jak u\u017cywa\u0107 liter w r (z przyk\u0142adami)\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pl\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pl\/\",\"name\":\"Statorials\",\"description\":\"Tw\u00f3j przewodnik po kompetencjach statystycznych!\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pl\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":\"required name=search_term_string\"}],\"inLanguage\":\"pl-PL\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pl\/#\/schema\/person\/6484727a4612df3e69f016c3129c6965\",\"name\":\"Benjamin Anderson\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"pl-PL\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pl\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Benjamin-Anderson-96x96.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Benjamin-Anderson-96x96.jpg\",\"caption\":\"Benjamin Anderson\"},\"description\":\"Cze\u015b\u0107, jestem Benjamin i jestem emerytowanym profesorem statystyki, kt\u00f3ry zosta\u0142 oddanym nauczycielem Statorials. 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