{"id":1095,"date":"2023-07-27T16:34:56","date_gmt":"2023-07-27T16:34:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/transformar-dados-em-r\/"},"modified":"2023-07-27T16:34:56","modified_gmt":"2023-07-27T16:34:56","slug":"transformar-dados-em-r","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/transformar-dados-em-r\/","title":{"rendered":"Como transformar dados em r (log, raiz quadrada, raiz c\u00fabica)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><\/p>\n<hr>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Muitos testes estat\u00edsticos assumem que os res\u00edduos de uma <a href=\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/respostas-explicativas-das-variaveis\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">vari\u00e1vel de resposta<\/a> s\u00e3o normalmente distribu\u00eddos.<\/span><\/p>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">No entanto, os res\u00edduos muitas vezes <em>n\u00e3o<\/em> s\u00e3o normalmente distribu\u00eddos. Uma maneira de resolver este problema \u00e9 transformar a vari\u00e1vel de resposta usando uma das tr\u00eas transforma\u00e7\u00f5es:<\/span><\/p>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>1. Transforma\u00e7\u00e3o de log:<\/strong> transforme a vari\u00e1vel de resposta de y em <strong>log(y)<\/strong> .<\/span><\/p>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>2. Transforma\u00e7\u00e3o de raiz quadrada:<\/strong> Transforme a vari\u00e1vel de resposta de y em <strong><span style=\"text-decoration: overline;\">\u221ay<\/span><\/strong> .<\/span><\/p>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>3. Transforma\u00e7\u00e3o da raiz c\u00fabica:<\/strong> transforme a vari\u00e1vel de resposta de y em <strong>y <sup>1\/3<\/sup><\/strong> .<\/span><\/p>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Ao realizar essas transforma\u00e7\u00f5es, a vari\u00e1vel resposta geralmente se aproxima da distribui\u00e7\u00e3o normal. Os exemplos a seguir mostram como realizar essas transforma\u00e7\u00f5es em R.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3> <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Transforma\u00e7\u00e3o de log em R<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">O c\u00f3digo a seguir mostra como executar uma transforma\u00e7\u00e3o de log em uma vari\u00e1vel de resposta:<\/span><\/p>\n<pre style=\"background-color: #ececec; font-size: 15px;\"> <strong><span style=\"color: #008080;\">#create data frame<\/span>\ndf &lt;- data.frame(y=c(1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 6, 7, 8),\n                 x1=c(7, 7, 8, 3, 2, 4, 4, 6, 6, 7, 5, 3, 3, 5, 8),\n                 x2=c(3, 3, 6, 6, 8, 9, 9, 8, 8, 7, 4, 3, 3, 2, 7))\n\n<span style=\"color: #008080;\">#perform log transformation\n<\/span>log_y &lt;- log10(df$y)\n<\/strong><\/pre>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">O c\u00f3digo a seguir mostra como criar histogramas para exibir a distribui\u00e7\u00e3o de <em>y<\/em> antes e depois de realizar uma transforma\u00e7\u00e3o de log:<\/span> <\/p>\n<pre style=\"background-color: #ececec; font-size: 15px;\"> <strong><span style=\"color: #008080;\">#create histogram for original distribution<\/span>\nhist(df$y, col='steelblue', main='Original')\n\n<span style=\"color: #008080;\">#create histogram for log-transformed distribution<\/span> \nhist(log_y, col='coral2', main='Log Transformed')\n<\/strong><\/pre>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-11185 \" src=\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/transformationr1.png\" alt=\"Registrar transforma\u00e7\u00e3o de dados em R\" width=\"677\" height=\"333\" srcset=\"\" sizes=\"auto, \"><\/p>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Observe como a distribui\u00e7\u00e3o transformada em logaritmo \u00e9 muito mais normal do que a distribui\u00e7\u00e3o original. Ainda n\u00e3o tem um \u201cformato de sino\u201d perfeito, mas est\u00e1 mais pr\u00f3ximo de uma distribui\u00e7\u00e3o normal do que da distribui\u00e7\u00e3o original.<\/span><\/p>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Na verdade, se realizarmos um<a href=\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/teste-shapiro-wilk-r\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">teste de Shapiro-Wilk<\/a> em cada distribui\u00e7\u00e3o, descobriremos que a distribui\u00e7\u00e3o original falha na suposi\u00e7\u00e3o de normalidade, enquanto a distribui\u00e7\u00e3o transformada em logaritmo n\u00e3o (em \u03b1 = 0,05):<\/span><\/p>\n<pre style=\"background-color: #ececec; font-size: 15px;\"> <strong><span style=\"color: #008080;\">#perform Shapiro-Wilk Test on original data<\/span>\nshapiro.test(df$y)\n\n\tShapiro-Wilk normality test\n\ndata: df$y\nW = 0.77225, p-value = 0.001655\n\n<span style=\"color: #008080;\">#perform Shapiro-Wilk Test on log-transformed data<\/span> \nshapiro.test(log_y)\n<span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">\n\tShapiro-Wilk normality test<\/span><\/span>\n\ndata:log_y\nW = 0.89089, p-value = 0.06917<\/strong><\/pre>\n<h3> <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Transforma\u00e7\u00e3o de raiz quadrada em R<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">O c\u00f3digo a seguir mostra como realizar uma transforma\u00e7\u00e3o de raiz quadrada em uma vari\u00e1vel de resposta:<\/span><\/p>\n<pre style=\"background-color: #ececec; font-size: 15px;\"> <strong><span style=\"color: #008080;\">#create data frame<\/span>\ndf &lt;- data.frame(y=c(1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 6, 7, 8),\n                 x1=c(7, 7, 8, 3, 2, 4, 4, 6, 6, 7, 5, 3, 3, 5, 8),\n                 x2=c(3, 3, 6, 6, 8, 9, 9, 8, 8, 7, 4, 3, 3, 2, 7))\n\n<span style=\"color: #008080;\">#perform square root transformation\n<\/span>sqrt_y &lt;- sqrt(df$y)\n<\/strong><\/pre>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">O c\u00f3digo a seguir mostra como criar histogramas para exibir a distribui\u00e7\u00e3o de <em>y<\/em> antes e depois de realizar uma transforma\u00e7\u00e3o de raiz quadrada:<\/span> <\/p>\n<pre style=\"background-color: #ececec; font-size: 15px;\"> <strong><span style=\"color: #008080;\">#create histogram for original distribution<\/span>\nhist(df$y, col='steelblue', main='Original')\n\n<span style=\"color: #008080;\">#create histogram for square root-transformed distribution<\/span> \nhist(sqrt_y, col='coral2', main='Square Root Transformed')<\/strong> <\/pre>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-11186 \" src=\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/transformerr2.png\" alt=\"Transforma\u00e7\u00e3o de raiz quadrada em R\" width=\"675\" height=\"335\" srcset=\"\" sizes=\"auto, \"><\/p>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Observe como a distribui\u00e7\u00e3o transformada pela raiz quadrada \u00e9 distribu\u00edda muito mais normalmente do que a distribui\u00e7\u00e3o original.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3> <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Transforma\u00e7\u00e3o de raiz c\u00fabica em R<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">O c\u00f3digo a seguir mostra como executar uma transforma\u00e7\u00e3o de raiz c\u00fabica em uma vari\u00e1vel de resposta:<\/span><\/p>\n<pre style=\"background-color: #ececec; font-size: 15px;\"> <strong><span style=\"color: #008080;\">#create data frame<\/span>\ndf &lt;- data.frame(y=c(1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 6, 7, 8),\n                 x1=c(7, 7, 8, 3, 2, 4, 4, 6, 6, 7, 5, 3, 3, 5, 8),\n                 x2=c(3, 3, 6, 6, 8, 9, 9, 8, 8, 7, 4, 3, 3, 2, 7))\n\n<span style=\"color: #008080;\">#perform square root transformation\n<\/span>cube_y &lt;- df$y^(1\/3)\n<\/strong><\/pre>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">O c\u00f3digo a seguir mostra como criar histogramas para exibir a distribui\u00e7\u00e3o de <em>y<\/em> antes e depois de realizar uma transforma\u00e7\u00e3o de raiz quadrada:<\/span> <\/p>\n<pre style=\"background-color: #ececec; font-size: 15px;\"> <strong><span style=\"color: #008080;\">#create histogram for original distribution<\/span>\nhist(df$y, col='steelblue', main='Original')\n\n<span style=\"color: #008080;\">#create histogram for square root-transformed distribution<\/span> \nhist(cube_y, col='coral2', main='Cube Root Transformed')<\/strong> <\/pre>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-11187 \" src=\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/transformerr3.png\" alt=\"Transforma\u00e7\u00e3o de raiz c\u00fabica em R\" width=\"678\" height=\"330\" srcset=\"\" sizes=\"auto, \"><\/p>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Dependendo do seu conjunto de dados, uma dessas transforma\u00e7\u00f5es pode produzir um novo conjunto de dados com distribui\u00e7\u00e3o mais normal do que os outros.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Muitos testes estat\u00edsticos assumem que os res\u00edduos de uma vari\u00e1vel de resposta s\u00e3o normalmente distribu\u00eddos. No entanto, os res\u00edduos muitas vezes n\u00e3o s\u00e3o normalmente distribu\u00eddos. Uma maneira de resolver este problema \u00e9 transformar a vari\u00e1vel de resposta usando uma das tr\u00eas transforma\u00e7\u00f5es: 1. Transforma\u00e7\u00e3o de log: transforme a vari\u00e1vel de resposta de y em log(y) [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[11],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1095","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-guia"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Como transformar dados em R (Log, raiz quadrada, raiz c\u00fabica)<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Este tutorial explica como transformar dados em R, com v\u00e1rios exemplos.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/transformar-dados-em-r\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"pt_PT\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Como transformar dados em R (Log, raiz quadrada, raiz c\u00fabica)\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Este tutorial explica como transformar dados em R, com v\u00e1rios exemplos.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/transformar-dados-em-r\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Statorials\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2023-07-27T16:34:56+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/transformationr1.png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Dr. benjamim anderson\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Escrito por\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Dr. benjamim anderson\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Tempo estimado de leitura\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"3 minutos\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/transformar-dados-em-r\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/transformar-dados-em-r\/\",\"name\":\"Como transformar dados em R (Log, raiz quadrada, raiz c\u00fabica)\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2023-07-27T16:34:56+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2023-07-27T16:34:56+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/#\/schema\/person\/e08f98e8db95e0aa9c310e1b27c9c666\"},\"description\":\"Este tutorial explica como transformar dados em R, com v\u00e1rios exemplos.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/transformar-dados-em-r\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"pt-PT\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/transformar-dados-em-r\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/transformar-dados-em-r\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Lar\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Como transformar dados em r (log, raiz quadrada, raiz c\u00fabica)\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/\",\"name\":\"Statorials\",\"description\":\"O seu guia para a literacia estat\u00edstica!\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":\"required name=search_term_string\"}],\"inLanguage\":\"pt-PT\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/#\/schema\/person\/e08f98e8db95e0aa9c310e1b27c9c666\",\"name\":\"Dr. benjamim anderson\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"pt-PT\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Dr.-Benjamin-Anderson-96x96.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Dr.-Benjamin-Anderson-96x96.jpg\",\"caption\":\"Dr. benjamim anderson\"},\"description\":\"Ol\u00e1, sou Benjamin, um professor aposentado de estat\u00edstica que se tornou professor dedicado na Statorials. 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