{"id":1338,"date":"2023-07-26T19:48:52","date_gmt":"2023-07-26T19:48:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/histograma-de-residuos-em-r\/"},"modified":"2023-07-26T19:48:52","modified_gmt":"2023-07-26T19:48:52","slug":"histograma-de-residuos-em-r","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/histograma-de-residuos-em-r\/","title":{"rendered":"Como criar um histograma de res\u00edduos em r"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><\/p>\n<hr>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Uma das principais <a href=\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/suposicoes-de-regressao-linear\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">suposi\u00e7\u00f5es da regress\u00e3o linear<\/a> \u00e9 que os <a href=\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/residuo\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">res\u00edduos<\/a> s\u00e3o normalmente distribu\u00eddos.<\/span><\/p>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Uma forma de verificar visualmente esta suposi\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 criar um histograma dos res\u00edduos e observar se a distribui\u00e7\u00e3o segue ou n\u00e3o um \u201cformato de sino\u201d que lembra a <a href=\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/a-distribuicao-normal\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">distribui\u00e7\u00e3o normal<\/a> .<\/span><\/p>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Este tutorial fornece um exemplo passo a passo de como criar um histograma de res\u00edduos para um modelo de regress\u00e3o em R.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3> <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Etapa 1: crie os dados<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Primeiro, vamos criar alguns dados falsos para trabalhar:<\/span><\/p>\n<pre style=\"background-color: #ececec; font-size: 15px;\"> <strong><span style=\"color: #008080;\">#make this example reproducible\n<\/span>set.seed(0)\n\n<span style=\"color: #008080;\">#createdata\n<\/span>x1 &lt;- rnorm(n=100, 2, 1)\nx2 &lt;- rnorm(100, 4, 3)\ny &lt;- rnorm(100, 2, 3)\ndata &lt;- data.frame(x1, x2, y)\n\n<span style=\"color: #008080;\">#view first six rows of data\n<\/span>head(data)\n\n        x1 x2 y\n1 3.262954 6.3455776 -1.1371530\n2 1.673767 1.6696701 -0.6886338\n3 3.329799 2.1520303 5.8081615\n4 3.272429 4.1397409 3.7815228\n5 2.414641 0.6088427 4.3269030\n6 0.460050 5.7301563 6.6721111<\/strong><\/pre>\n<h3> <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Passo 2: Ajustar o modelo de regress\u00e3o<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">A seguir, ajustaremos um <a href=\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/regressao-linear-multipla-r\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">modelo de regress\u00e3o linear m\u00faltipla<\/a> aos dados:<\/span><\/p>\n<pre style=\"background-color: #ececec; font-size: 15px;\"> <strong><span style=\"color: #008080;\">#fit multiple linear regression model\n<\/span>model &lt;- lm(y ~ x1 + x2, data=data)<\/strong><\/pre>\n<h3> <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Etapa 3: Crie um histograma de res\u00edduos<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Por fim, usaremos o pacote de visualiza\u00e7\u00e3o <strong>ggplot<\/strong> para criar um histograma dos res\u00edduos do modelo:<\/span> <\/p>\n<pre style=\"background-color: #ececec; font-size: 15px;\"> <strong><span style=\"color: #008080;\">#load ggplot2\n<span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #993300;\">library<\/span> (ggplot2)<\/span>\n\n#create histogram of residuals\n<span style=\"color: #000000;\">ggplot(data = data, <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">aes<\/span> (x = model$residuals)) +\n    geom_histogram(fill = ' <span style=\"color: #008000;\">steelblue<\/span> ', color = ' <span style=\"color: #008000;\">black<\/span> ') +\n    labs(title = ' <span style=\"color: #008000;\">Histogram of Residuals<\/span> ', x = ' <span style=\"color: #008000;\">Residuals<\/span> ', y = ' <span style=\"color: #008000;\">Frequency<\/span> ')\n<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/pre>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-13063 \" src=\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/histresid1.png\" alt=\"Histograma de res\u00edduos em R\" width=\"452\" height=\"454\" srcset=\"\" sizes=\"auto, \"><\/p>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Observe que tamb\u00e9m podemos especificar o n\u00famero de caixas para colocar os res\u00edduos usando o argumento <strong>bin<\/strong> .<\/span><\/p>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Quanto menos caixas houver, mais largas ser\u00e3o as barras no histograma. Por exemplo, poder\u00edamos especificar <strong>20 compartimentos<\/strong> :<\/span> <\/p>\n<pre style=\"background-color: #ececec; font-size: 15px;\"> <strong><span style=\"color: #008080;\">#create histogram of residuals\n<span style=\"color: #000000;\">ggplot(data = data, <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">aes<\/span> (x = model$residuals)) +\n    geom_histogram(bins = <span style=\"color: #008000;\">20<\/span> , fill = ' <span style=\"color: #008000;\">steelblue<\/span> ', color = ' <span style=\"color: #008000;\">black<\/span> ') +\n    labs(title = ' <span style=\"color: #008000;\">Histogram of Residuals<\/span> ', x = ' <span style=\"color: #008000;\">Residuals<\/span> ', y = ' <span style=\"color: #008000;\">Frequency<\/span> ')<\/span><\/span><\/strong> <\/pre>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-13064 \" src=\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/histresid2.png\" alt=\"Histograma residual em R\" width=\"459\" height=\"460\" srcset=\"\" sizes=\"auto, \"><\/p>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Ou poder\u00edamos especificar <strong>10 compartimentos<\/strong> :<\/span> <\/p>\n<pre style=\"background-color: #ececec; font-size: 15px;\"> <strong><span style=\"color: #008080;\">#create histogram of residuals\n<span style=\"color: #000000;\">ggplot(data = data, <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">aes<\/span> (x = model$residuals)) +\n    geom_histogram(bins = <span style=\"color: #008000;\">10<\/span> , fill = ' <span style=\"color: #008000;\">steelblue<\/span> ', color = ' <span style=\"color: #008000;\">black<\/span> ') +\n    labs(title = ' <span style=\"color: #008000;\">Histogram of Residuals<\/span> ', x = ' <span style=\"color: #008000;\">Residuals<\/span> ', y = ' <span style=\"color: #008000;\">Frequency<\/span> ')<\/span><\/span><\/strong> <\/pre>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-13065 \" src=\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/histresid3.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"455\" height=\"444\" srcset=\"\" sizes=\"auto, \"><\/p>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">N\u00e3o importa quantas caixas especifiquemos, podemos ver que os res\u00edduos t\u00eam distribui\u00e7\u00e3o aproximadamente normal.<\/span><\/p>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Tamb\u00e9m poder\u00edamos realizar um teste estat\u00edstico formal como Shapiro-Wilk, Kolmogorov-Smirnov ou Jarque-Bera para testar a normalidade.<\/span><\/p>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">No entanto, tenha em mente que estes testes s\u00e3o sens\u00edveis a amostras grandes \u2013 ou seja, muitas vezes concluem que os res\u00edduos n\u00e3o s\u00e3o normais quando o tamanho da amostra \u00e9 grande.<\/span><\/p>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Por esta raz\u00e3o, muitas vezes \u00e9 mais f\u00e1cil avaliar a normalidade criando um histograma dos res\u00edduos.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Uma das principais suposi\u00e7\u00f5es da regress\u00e3o linear \u00e9 que os res\u00edduos s\u00e3o normalmente distribu\u00eddos. Uma forma de verificar visualmente esta suposi\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 criar um histograma dos res\u00edduos e observar se a distribui\u00e7\u00e3o segue ou n\u00e3o um \u201cformato de sino\u201d que lembra a distribui\u00e7\u00e3o normal . Este tutorial fornece um exemplo passo a passo de como [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[11],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1338","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-guia"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Como criar um histograma de res\u00edduos em R - Statorials<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Este tutorial explica como gerar um histograma de res\u00edduos em R, com v\u00e1rios exemplos.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/histograma-de-residuos-em-r\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"pt_PT\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Como criar um histograma de res\u00edduos em R - Statorials\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Este tutorial explica como gerar um histograma de res\u00edduos em R, com v\u00e1rios exemplos.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/histograma-de-residuos-em-r\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Statorials\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2023-07-26T19:48:52+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/histresid1.png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Dr. benjamim anderson\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Escrito por\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Dr. benjamim anderson\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Tempo estimado de leitura\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"2 minutos\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/histograma-de-residuos-em-r\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/histograma-de-residuos-em-r\/\",\"name\":\"Como criar um histograma de res\u00edduos em R - Statorials\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2023-07-26T19:48:52+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2023-07-26T19:48:52+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/#\/schema\/person\/e08f98e8db95e0aa9c310e1b27c9c666\"},\"description\":\"Este tutorial explica como gerar um histograma de res\u00edduos em R, com v\u00e1rios exemplos.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/histograma-de-residuos-em-r\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"pt-PT\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/histograma-de-residuos-em-r\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/histograma-de-residuos-em-r\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Lar\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Como criar um histograma de res\u00edduos em r\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/\",\"name\":\"Statorials\",\"description\":\"O seu guia para a literacia estat\u00edstica!\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":\"required name=search_term_string\"}],\"inLanguage\":\"pt-PT\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/#\/schema\/person\/e08f98e8db95e0aa9c310e1b27c9c666\",\"name\":\"Dr. benjamim anderson\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"pt-PT\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Dr.-Benjamin-Anderson-96x96.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Dr.-Benjamin-Anderson-96x96.jpg\",\"caption\":\"Dr. benjamim anderson\"},\"description\":\"Ol\u00e1, sou Benjamin, um professor aposentado de estat\u00edstica que se tornou professor dedicado na Statorials. 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