{"id":3196,"date":"2023-07-18T18:01:40","date_gmt":"2023-07-18T18:01:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/inicializacao-em-python\/"},"modified":"2023-07-18T18:01:40","modified_gmt":"2023-07-18T18:01:40","slug":"inicializacao-em-python","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/inicializacao-em-python\/","title":{"rendered":"Como realizar bootstrapping em python (com exemplo)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><\/p>\n<hr>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Bootstrapping<\/strong> \u00e9 um m\u00e9todo que pode ser usado para construir um intervalo de confian\u00e7a para uma <a href=\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/estatisticas-vs-parametro\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">estat\u00edstica<\/a> quando o tamanho da amostra \u00e9 pequeno e a distribui\u00e7\u00e3o subjacente \u00e9 desconhecida.<\/span><\/p>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">O processo b\u00e1sico para inicializa\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 o seguinte:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Pegue <em>k<\/em> amostras replicadas com substitui\u00e7\u00e3o de um determinado conjunto de dados.<\/span><\/li>\n<li> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Para cada amostra, calcule a estat\u00edstica de interesse.<\/span><\/li>\n<li> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Isso fornece <em>k<\/em> estimativas diferentes para uma determinada estat\u00edstica, que voc\u00ea pode usar para calcular um intervalo de confian\u00e7a para a estat\u00edstica.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">A maneira mais f\u00e1cil de inicializar em Python \u00e9 usar a fun\u00e7\u00e3o <a href=\"https:\/\/docs.scipy.org\/doc\/scipy\/reference\/generated\/scipy.stats.bootstrap.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">bootstrap<\/a> da biblioteca <strong>SciPy<\/strong> .<\/span><\/p>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">O exemplo a seguir mostra como usar esta fun\u00e7\u00e3o na pr\u00e1tica.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3> <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Exemplo: realizando bootstrapping em Python<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Suponha que criemos um conjunto de dados em Python contendo 15 valores:<\/span><\/p>\n<pre style=\"background-color: #ececec; font-size: 15px;\"> <span style=\"color: #008080;\"><strong>#define array of data values\n<span style=\"color: #000000;\">data = [7, 9, 10, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 21, 23]<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/pre>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Podemos usar o c\u00f3digo a seguir para calcular um intervalo de confian\u00e7a de bootstrap de 95% para o valor mediano:<\/span><\/p>\n<pre style=\"background-color: #ececec; font-size: 15px;\"> <span style=\"color: #008080;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #008000;\">from<\/span> scipy. <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">stats<\/span> <span style=\"color: #008000;\">import<\/span> bootstrap\n<span style=\"color: #008000;\">import<\/span> numpy <span style=\"color: #008000;\">as<\/span> np\n\n<span style=\"color: #008080;\">#convert array to sequence\n<\/span>data = (data,)\n\n<span style=\"color: #008080;\">#calculate 95% bootstrapped confidence interval for median\n<\/span>bootstrap_ci = bootstrap(data, np. <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">median<\/span> , confidence_level= <span style=\"color: #008000;\">0.95<\/span> ,\n                         random_state= <span style=\"color: #008000;\">1<\/span> , method=' <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">percentile<\/span> ')\n\n<span style=\"color: #008080;\">#view 95% boostrapped confidence interval\n<\/span><span style=\"color: #008000;\">print<\/span> ( <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">bootstrap_ci.confidence_interval<\/span> )\n\nConfidenceInterval(low=10.0, high=20.0)\n<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/pre>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">O intervalo de confian\u00e7a de bootstrap de 95% para a mediana \u00e9 <strong>[10.0, 20.0]<\/strong> .<\/span><\/p>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Aqui est\u00e1 o que a fun\u00e7\u00e3o <strong>boostrap()<\/strong> realmente fez nos bastidores:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">A fun\u00e7\u00e3o <strong>bootstrap()<\/strong> gerou 9.999 amostras com reposi\u00e7\u00e3o. (O padr\u00e3o \u00e9 9999, mas voc\u00ea pode usar o argumento <strong>n_resamples<\/strong> para alterar esse n\u00famero)<\/span><\/li>\n<li> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Para cada amostra bootstrap, a mediana foi calculada.<\/span><\/li>\n<li> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">O valor mediano de cada amostra foi ordenado do menor para o maior e o valor mediano no percentil 2,5% e no percentil 97,5% foi utilizado para construir os limites inferior e superior do intervalo de confian\u00e7a de 95%. %.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Observe que voc\u00ea pode calcular um intervalo de confian\u00e7a de bootstrap para praticamente qualquer estat\u00edstica.<\/span><\/p>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Por exemplo, podemos substituir <strong>np.median<\/strong> por <strong>np.std<\/strong> na fun\u00e7\u00e3o <strong>bootstrap()<\/strong> para calcular um intervalo de confian\u00e7a de 95% para o desvio padr\u00e3o:<\/span><\/p>\n<pre style=\"background-color: #ececec; font-size: 15px;\"> <span style=\"color: #008080;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #008000;\">from<\/span> scipy. <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">stats<\/span> <span style=\"color: #008000;\">import<\/span> bootstrap\n<span style=\"color: #008000;\">import<\/span> numpy <span style=\"color: #008000;\">as<\/span> np\n\n<span style=\"color: #008080;\">#convert array to sequence\n<\/span>data = (data,)\n\n<span style=\"color: #008080;\">#calculate 95% bootstrapped confidence interval for median\n<\/span>bootstrap_ci = bootstrap(data, np. <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">std<\/span> , confidence_level= <span style=\"color: #008000;\">0.95<\/span> ,\n                         random_state= <span style=\"color: #008000;\">1<\/span> , method=' <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">percentile<\/span> ')\n\n<span style=\"color: #008080;\">#view 95% boostrapped confidence interval\n<\/span><span style=\"color: #008000;\">print<\/span> ( <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">bootstrap_ci.confidence_interval<\/span> )\n\nConfidenceInterval(low=3.3199732261303283, high=5.66478399066117)\n<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/pre>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">O intervalo de confian\u00e7a de bootstrap de 95% para o desvio padr\u00e3o \u00e9 <strong>[3.32, 5.67]<\/strong> .<\/span><\/p>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Nota<\/strong> : Para estes exemplos, optamos por criar intervalos de confian\u00e7a de 95%, mas voc\u00ea pode alterar o valor do argumento <strong>trust_level<\/strong> para construir um intervalo de confian\u00e7a de tamanho diferente.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3> <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Recursos adicionais<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Os tutoriais a seguir explicam como inicializar em outro software de estat\u00edstica:<\/span><\/p>\n<p> <a href=\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/inicializacao-em-r\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Como inicializar em R<\/a><br \/> <a href=\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/comecar-no-excel\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Como inicializar no Excel<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Bootstrapping \u00e9 um m\u00e9todo que pode ser usado para construir um intervalo de confian\u00e7a para uma estat\u00edstica quando o tamanho da amostra \u00e9 pequeno e a distribui\u00e7\u00e3o subjacente \u00e9 desconhecida. O processo b\u00e1sico para inicializa\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 o seguinte: Pegue k amostras replicadas com substitui\u00e7\u00e3o de um determinado conjunto de dados. Para cada amostra, calcule a [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[11],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3196","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-guia"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Como realizar bootstrapping em Python (com exemplo) - Estatoriais<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Este tutorial explica como inicializar em Python, com v\u00e1rios exemplos.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/inicializacao-em-python\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"pt_PT\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Como realizar bootstrapping em Python (com exemplo) - Estatoriais\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Este tutorial explica como inicializar em Python, com v\u00e1rios exemplos.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/inicializacao-em-python\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Statorials\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2023-07-18T18:01:40+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Dr. benjamim anderson\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Escrito por\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Dr. benjamim anderson\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Tempo estimado de leitura\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"2 minutos\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/inicializacao-em-python\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/inicializacao-em-python\/\",\"name\":\"Como realizar bootstrapping em Python (com exemplo) - Estatoriais\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2023-07-18T18:01:40+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2023-07-18T18:01:40+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/#\/schema\/person\/e08f98e8db95e0aa9c310e1b27c9c666\"},\"description\":\"Este tutorial explica como inicializar em Python, com v\u00e1rios exemplos.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/inicializacao-em-python\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"pt-PT\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/inicializacao-em-python\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/inicializacao-em-python\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Lar\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Como realizar bootstrapping em python (com exemplo)\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/\",\"name\":\"Statorials\",\"description\":\"O seu guia para a literacia estat\u00edstica!\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":\"required name=search_term_string\"}],\"inLanguage\":\"pt-PT\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/#\/schema\/person\/e08f98e8db95e0aa9c310e1b27c9c666\",\"name\":\"Dr. benjamim anderson\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"pt-PT\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Dr.-Benjamin-Anderson-96x96.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Dr.-Benjamin-Anderson-96x96.jpg\",\"caption\":\"Dr. benjamim anderson\"},\"description\":\"Ol\u00e1, sou Benjamin, um professor aposentado de estat\u00edstica que se tornou professor dedicado na Statorials. 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