{"id":3920,"date":"2023-07-14T18:26:54","date_gmt":"2023-07-14T18:26:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/regressao-cubica-python\/"},"modified":"2023-07-14T18:26:54","modified_gmt":"2023-07-14T18:26:54","slug":"regressao-cubica-python","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/regressao-cubica-python\/","title":{"rendered":"Como realizar regress\u00e3o c\u00fabica em python"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><\/p>\n<hr>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>A regress\u00e3o c\u00fabica<\/strong> \u00e9 um tipo de regress\u00e3o que podemos usar para quantificar a rela\u00e7\u00e3o entre uma vari\u00e1vel preditora e uma vari\u00e1vel de resposta quando a rela\u00e7\u00e3o entre as vari\u00e1veis \u00e9 n\u00e3o linear.<\/span><\/p>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Este tutorial explica como realizar regress\u00e3o c\u00fabica em Python.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2> <strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Exemplo: regress\u00e3o c\u00fabica em Python<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Suponha que temos o seguinte DataFrame do pandas que cont\u00e9m duas vari\u00e1veis (x e y):<\/span><\/p>\n<pre style=\"background-color: #ececec; font-size: 15px;\"> <strong><span style=\"color: #107d3f;\">import<\/span> pandas <span style=\"color: #107d3f;\">as<\/span> pd\n\n<span style=\"color: #008080;\">#createDataFrame\n<\/span>df = pd. <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">DataFrame<\/span> ({' <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">x<\/span> ': [6, 9, 12, 16, 22, 28, 33, 40, 47, 51, 55, 60],\n                   ' <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">y<\/span> ': [14, 28, 50, 64, 67, 57, 55, 57, 68, 74, 88, 110]})\n\n<span style=\"color: #008080;\">#view DataFrame\n<\/span><span style=\"color: #008000;\">print<\/span> (df)\n\n     xy\n0 6 14\n1 9 28\n2 12 50\n3 16 64\n4 22 67\n5 28 57\n6 33 55\n7 40 57\n8 47 68\n9 51 74\n10 55 88\n11 60 110\n<\/strong><\/pre>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Se fizermos um gr\u00e1fico de dispers\u00e3o simples desses dados, podemos ver que a rela\u00e7\u00e3o entre as duas vari\u00e1veis \u00e9 n\u00e3o linear:<\/span> <\/p>\n<pre style=\"background-color: #ececec; font-size: 15px;\"> <strong><span style=\"color: #107d3f;\">import <span style=\"color: #000000;\">matplotlib. <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">pyplot<\/span><\/span> as <span style=\"color: #000000;\">plt<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #008080;\">#create scatterplot\n<\/span>plt. <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">scatter<\/span> (df. <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">x<\/span> , df. <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">y<\/span> )<\/span><\/span><\/strong> <\/pre>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\" wp-image-31513 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/cubique1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"463\" height=\"341\" srcset=\"\" sizes=\"auto, \"><\/p>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00c0 medida que o valor de x aumenta, y aumenta at\u00e9 certo ponto, depois diminui e depois aumenta novamente.<\/span><\/p>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Este padr\u00e3o com duas \u201ccurvas\u201d no gr\u00e1fico \u00e9 uma indica\u00e7\u00e3o de uma rela\u00e7\u00e3o c\u00fabica entre as duas vari\u00e1veis.<\/span><\/p>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Isto significa que um modelo de regress\u00e3o c\u00fabico \u00e9 um bom candidato para quantificar a rela\u00e7\u00e3o entre as duas vari\u00e1veis.<\/span><\/p>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Para realizar a regress\u00e3o c\u00fabica, podemos ajustar um modelo de regress\u00e3o polinomial com grau 3 usando a <span style=\"color: #000000;\">fun\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/numpy.org\/doc\/stable\/reference\/generated\/numpy.polyfit.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">numpy.polyfit()<\/a> :<\/span> <\/p>\n<pre style=\"background-color: #ececec; font-size: 15px;\"> <strong><span style=\"color: #107d3f;\">import<\/span> numpy <span style=\"color: #107d3f;\">as<\/span> np\n\n<span style=\"color: #008080;\">#fit cubic regression model\n<\/span>model = np. <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">poly1d<\/span> (np. <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">polyfit<\/span> (df. <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">x<\/span> , df. <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">y<\/span> , <span style=\"color: #000000;\">3))<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #008080;\">#add fitted cubic regression line to scatterplot\n<\/span>polyline = np. <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">linspace<\/span> (1, 60, 50)\nplt. <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">scatter<\/span> (df. <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">x<\/span> , df. <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">y<\/span> )\nplt. <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">plot<\/span> (polyline, model(polyline))\n\n<span style=\"color: #008080;\">#add axis labels\n<\/span>plt. <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">xlabel<\/span> (' <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">x<\/span> ')\nplt. <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">ylabel<\/span> (' <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">y<\/span> ')\n\n<span style=\"color: #008080;\">#displayplot\n<\/span>plt. <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">show<\/span> ()<\/strong> <\/pre>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-31514\" src=\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/cubique2.jpg\" alt=\"regress\u00e3o c\u00fabica em Python\" width=\"547\" height=\"404\" srcset=\"\" sizes=\"auto, \"><\/p>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Podemos obter a equa\u00e7\u00e3o de regress\u00e3o c\u00fabica ajustada imprimindo os coeficientes do modelo:<\/span><\/p>\n<pre style=\"background-color: #ececec; font-size: 15px;\"> <strong><span style=\"color: #008000;\">print<\/span> (model)\n\n          3 2\n0.003302x - 0.3214x + 9.832x - 32.01\n<\/strong><\/pre>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">A equa\u00e7\u00e3o de regress\u00e3o c\u00fabica ajustada \u00e9:<\/span><\/p>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>y = 0,003302(x) <sup>3<\/sup> \u2013 0,3214(x) <sup>2<\/sup> + 9,832x \u2013 30,01<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Podemos usar esta equa\u00e7\u00e3o para calcular o valor esperado de y com base no valor de x.<\/span><\/p>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Por exemplo, se x for 30, ent\u00e3o o valor esperado para y \u00e9 64,844:<\/span><\/p>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">y = 0,003302(30) <sup>3<\/sup> \u2013 0,3214(30) <sup>2<\/sup> + 9,832(30) \u2013 30,01 = 64,844<\/span><\/p>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Tamb\u00e9m podemos escrever uma fun\u00e7\u00e3o curta para obter o R-quadrado do modelo, que \u00e9 a propor\u00e7\u00e3o da vari\u00e2ncia na vari\u00e1vel de resposta que pode ser explicada pelas vari\u00e1veis preditoras.<\/span><\/p>\n<pre style=\"background-color: #ececec; font-size: 15px;\"> <strong><span style=\"color: #008080;\">#define function to calculate r-squared<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #008000;\">def<\/span> polyfit(x, y, degree):\n    results = {}\n    coeffs = np. <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">polyfit<\/span> (x, y, degree)\n    p = np. <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">poly1d<\/span> (coeffs)\n    <span style=\"color: #008080;\">#calculate r-squared<\/span>\n    yhat = p(x)\n    ybar = np. <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">sum<\/span> (y)\/len(y)\n    ssreg = np. <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">sum<\/span> ((yhat-ybar) <span style=\"color: #800080;\">**<\/span> 2)\n    sstot = np. <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">sum<\/span> ((y - ybar) <span style=\"color: #800080;\">**<\/span> 2)\n    results[' <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">r_squared<\/span> '] = ssreg \/ sstot\n\n    <span style=\"color: #008000;\">return<\/span> results\n\n<span style=\"color: #008080;\">#find r-squared of polynomial model with degree = 3\n<\/span>polyfit(df. <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">x<\/span> , df. <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">y<\/span> , 3)\n\n{'r_squared': 0.9632469890057967}\n<\/strong><\/pre>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Neste exemplo, o R quadrado do modelo \u00e9 <strong>0,9632<\/strong> .<\/span><\/p>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Isso significa que 96,32% da varia\u00e7\u00e3o da vari\u00e1vel resposta pode ser explicada pela vari\u00e1vel preditora.<\/span><\/p>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Por ser t\u00e3o alto, esse valor nos diz que o modelo de regress\u00e3o c\u00fabica quantifica bem a rela\u00e7\u00e3o entre as duas vari\u00e1veis.<\/span><\/p>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Relacionado:<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/bom-valor-de-r-ao-quadrado\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">O que \u00e9 um bom valor de R ao quadrado?<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<h2> <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Recursos adicionais<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Os tutoriais a seguir explicam como realizar outras tarefas comuns em Python:<\/span><\/p>\n<p> <a href=\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/regressao-linear-simples-em-python\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Como realizar regress\u00e3o linear simples em Python<\/a><br \/> <a href=\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/regressao-quadratica-python\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Como realizar regress\u00e3o quadr\u00e1tica em Python<\/a><br \/> <a href=\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/regressao-polinomial-python\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Como realizar regress\u00e3o polinomial em Python<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A regress\u00e3o c\u00fabica \u00e9 um tipo de regress\u00e3o que podemos usar para quantificar a rela\u00e7\u00e3o entre uma vari\u00e1vel preditora e uma vari\u00e1vel de resposta quando a rela\u00e7\u00e3o entre as vari\u00e1veis \u00e9 n\u00e3o linear. Este tutorial explica como realizar regress\u00e3o c\u00fabica em Python. Exemplo: regress\u00e3o c\u00fabica em Python Suponha que temos o seguinte DataFrame do pandas [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[11],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3920","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-guia"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Como realizar regress\u00e3o c\u00fabica em Python - Statorials<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Este tutorial explica como realizar regress\u00e3o c\u00fabica em Python, com um exemplo.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/regressao-cubica-python\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"pt_PT\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Como realizar regress\u00e3o c\u00fabica em Python - Statorials\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Este tutorial explica como realizar regress\u00e3o c\u00fabica em Python, com um exemplo.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/regressao-cubica-python\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Statorials\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2023-07-14T18:26:54+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/cubique1.jpg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Dr. benjamim anderson\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Escrito por\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Dr. benjamim anderson\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Tempo estimado de leitura\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"3 minutos\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/regressao-cubica-python\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/regressao-cubica-python\/\",\"name\":\"Como realizar regress\u00e3o c\u00fabica em Python - Statorials\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2023-07-14T18:26:54+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2023-07-14T18:26:54+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/#\/schema\/person\/e08f98e8db95e0aa9c310e1b27c9c666\"},\"description\":\"Este tutorial explica como realizar regress\u00e3o c\u00fabica em Python, com um exemplo.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/regressao-cubica-python\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"pt-PT\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/regressao-cubica-python\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/regressao-cubica-python\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Lar\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Como realizar regress\u00e3o c\u00fabica em python\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/\",\"name\":\"Statorials\",\"description\":\"O seu guia para a literacia estat\u00edstica!\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":\"required name=search_term_string\"}],\"inLanguage\":\"pt-PT\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/#\/schema\/person\/e08f98e8db95e0aa9c310e1b27c9c666\",\"name\":\"Dr. benjamim anderson\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"pt-PT\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Dr.-Benjamin-Anderson-96x96.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Dr.-Benjamin-Anderson-96x96.jpg\",\"caption\":\"Dr. benjamim anderson\"},\"description\":\"Ol\u00e1, sou Benjamin, um professor aposentado de estat\u00edstica que se tornou professor dedicado na Statorials. 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