{"id":757,"date":"2023-07-28T20:52:17","date_gmt":"2023-07-28T20:52:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/teste-exato-de-pescadores\/"},"modified":"2023-07-28T20:52:17","modified_gmt":"2023-07-28T20:52:17","slug":"teste-exato-de-pescadores","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/teste-exato-de-pescadores\/","title":{"rendered":"Teste exato de fisher: defini\u00e7\u00e3o, f\u00f3rmula e exemplo"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><\/p>\n<hr>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>O teste exato de Fisher<\/strong> \u00e9 usado para determinar se existe ou n\u00e3o uma associa\u00e7\u00e3o significativa entre duas vari\u00e1veis categ\u00f3ricas. Geralmente \u00e9 usado como uma alternativa ao <a href=\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/teste-de-independencia-do-qui-quadrado\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">teste de independ\u00eancia do qui-quadrado<\/a> quando uma ou mais contagens de c\u00e9lulas em uma tabela 2 \u00d7 2 s\u00e3o menores que 5.<\/span><\/p>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">O teste exato de Fisher utiliza as seguintes hip\u00f3teses nulas e alternativas:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li> <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>H <sub>0<\/sub> : (hip\u00f3tese nula)<\/strong> As duas vari\u00e1veis s\u00e3o independentes.<\/span><\/li>\n<li> <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>H <sub>1<\/sub> : (hip\u00f3tese alternativa)<\/strong> As duas vari\u00e1veis <em>n\u00e3o<\/em> s\u00e3o independentes.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Suponha que temos a seguinte tabela 2&#215;2:<\/span><\/p>\n<table width=\"379\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"84\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"74\"> <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Grupo 1<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"74\"> <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Grupo 2<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"110\"> <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Linha total<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td> <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Categoria 1<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">TEM<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">b<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">a+b<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td> <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Categoria 2<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">vs.<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">d<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">c+d<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td> <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Coluna total<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">a+c<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">b+d<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">a+b+c+d = n<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">O valor p unilateral para o teste exato de Fisher \u00e9 calculado da seguinte forma:<\/span><\/p>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">p = (a+b)!(c+d)!(a+c)!(b+d)! \/ (a!b!c!d!n!)<\/span><\/p>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Isso produz o mesmo valor p que o CDF da <a href=\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/calculadora-de-distribuicao-hipergeometrica\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">distribui\u00e7\u00e3o hipergeom\u00e9trica<\/a> com os seguintes par\u00e2metros:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">tamanho da popula\u00e7\u00e3o = n<\/span><\/li>\n<li> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u201csucesso\u201d da popula\u00e7\u00e3o = a+b<\/span><\/li>\n<li> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">tamanho da amostra = a + c<\/span><\/li>\n<li> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">exemplos de \u201csucesso\u201d = um<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">O valor p bilateral para o teste exato de Fisher \u00e9 menos simples de calcular e n\u00e3o pode ser encontrado simplesmente multiplicando o valor p unilateral por dois. Para encontrar o valor p bicaudal, recomendamos usar <a href=\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/calculadora-de-teste-exato-de-pescadores\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a calculadora de teste exato de Fisher<\/a> .<\/span><\/p>\n<h3> <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Teste exato de Fisher: exemplo<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Suponhamos<\/span> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">que queremos saber se o g\u00e9nero est\u00e1 ou n\u00e3o associado \u00e0 prefer\u00eancia por um partido pol\u00edtico. Pegamos uma amostra aleat\u00f3ria simples de 25 eleitores e perguntamos-lhes sobre a sua prefer\u00eancia partid\u00e1ria. A tabela a seguir apresenta os resultados da pesquisa:<\/span><\/p>\n<table width=\"379\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"84\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"74\"> <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Democrata<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"74\"> <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Republicano<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"110\"> <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Total<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td> <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Macho<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">4<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">9<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">13<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td> <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>F\u00eamea<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">8<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">4<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">12<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td> <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Total<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">12<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">13<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">25<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Etapa 1: Definir suposi\u00e7\u00f5es.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Realizaremos o teste exato de Fisher usando as seguintes suposi\u00e7\u00f5es:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li> <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>H <sub>0<\/sub> :<\/strong> As prefer\u00eancias de g\u00e9nero e de partido pol\u00edtico s\u00e3o independentes.<\/span><\/li>\n<li> <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>H <sub>1<\/sub> :<\/strong> As prefer\u00eancias de g\u00e9nero e de partidos pol\u00edticos <em>n\u00e3o<\/em> s\u00e3o independentes.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Etapa 2: C\u00e1lculo do valor p bicaudal.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Podemos usar a <a href=\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/calculadora-de-teste-exato-de-pescadores\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">calculadora do teste exato de Fisher<\/a> com a seguinte entrada:<\/span> <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-8112 \" src=\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/pecheur1.png\" alt=\"Exemplo de teste exato de Fisher\" width=\"325\" height=\"313\" srcset=\"\" sizes=\"auto, \"><\/p>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">O valor p bicaudal \u00e9 <strong>0,115239<\/strong> . Sendo este valor inferior a 0,05, n\u00e3o podemos rejeitar a hip\u00f3tese nula. N\u00e3o temos provas suficientes para afirmar que existe uma associa\u00e7\u00e3o estatisticamente significativa entre o g\u00e9nero e a prefer\u00eancia por um partido pol\u00edtico.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3> <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Recursos adicionais<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Os tutoriais a seguir explicam como realizar um teste exato de Fisher usando diferentes programas estat\u00edsticos:<\/span><\/p>\n<p> <a href=\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/teste-exato-de-pescadores-em-r\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Como realizar o teste exato de Fisher em R<\/a><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/teste-exato-de-pescadores-excel\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Como realizar o teste exato de Fisher no Excel<\/a><br \/> <a href=\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/teste-estatistico-exato-dos-pescadores\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Como realizar o teste exato de Fisher no Stata<\/a><br \/> <a href=\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/teste-spss-exato-para-pescadores\/\">Como realizar o teste exato de Fisher no SPSS<\/a><br \/> <a href=\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/teste-exato-de-python-dos-pescadores\/\">Como realizar o teste exato de Fisher em Python<\/a><br \/> <a href=\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/calculadora-de-teste-exato-de-pescadores\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Calculadora de teste exato de Fisher<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>O teste exato de Fisher \u00e9 usado para determinar se existe ou n\u00e3o uma associa\u00e7\u00e3o significativa entre duas vari\u00e1veis categ\u00f3ricas. Geralmente \u00e9 usado como uma alternativa ao teste de independ\u00eancia do qui-quadrado quando uma ou mais contagens de c\u00e9lulas em uma tabela 2 \u00d7 2 s\u00e3o menores que 5. O teste exato de Fisher utiliza [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[11],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-757","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-guia"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Teste exato de Fisher: defini\u00e7\u00e3o, f\u00f3rmula e exemplo - Estatologia<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Uma explica\u00e7\u00e3o simples do teste exato de Fisher, incluindo um exemplo passo a passo.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/teste-exato-de-pescadores\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"pt_PT\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Teste exato de Fisher: defini\u00e7\u00e3o, f\u00f3rmula e exemplo - Estatologia\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Uma explica\u00e7\u00e3o simples do teste exato de Fisher, incluindo um exemplo passo a passo.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/teste-exato-de-pescadores\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Statorials\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2023-07-28T20:52:17+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/pecheur1.png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Dr. benjamim anderson\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Escrito por\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Dr. benjamim anderson\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Tempo estimado de leitura\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"2 minutos\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/teste-exato-de-pescadores\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/teste-exato-de-pescadores\/\",\"name\":\"Teste exato de Fisher: defini\u00e7\u00e3o, f\u00f3rmula e exemplo - Estatologia\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2023-07-28T20:52:17+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2023-07-28T20:52:17+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/#\/schema\/person\/e08f98e8db95e0aa9c310e1b27c9c666\"},\"description\":\"Uma explica\u00e7\u00e3o simples do teste exato de Fisher, incluindo um exemplo passo a passo.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/teste-exato-de-pescadores\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"pt-PT\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/teste-exato-de-pescadores\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/teste-exato-de-pescadores\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Lar\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Teste exato de fisher: defini\u00e7\u00e3o, f\u00f3rmula e exemplo\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/\",\"name\":\"Statorials\",\"description\":\"O seu guia para a literacia estat\u00edstica!\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":\"required name=search_term_string\"}],\"inLanguage\":\"pt-PT\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/#\/schema\/person\/e08f98e8db95e0aa9c310e1b27c9c666\",\"name\":\"Dr. benjamim anderson\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"pt-PT\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Dr.-Benjamin-Anderson-96x96.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Dr.-Benjamin-Anderson-96x96.jpg\",\"caption\":\"Dr. benjamim anderson\"},\"description\":\"Ol\u00e1, sou Benjamin, um professor aposentado de estat\u00edstica que se tornou professor dedicado na Statorials. 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