{"id":869,"date":"2023-07-28T11:48:31","date_gmt":"2023-07-28T11:48:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/grafico-residual-python\/"},"modified":"2023-07-28T11:48:31","modified_gmt":"2023-07-28T11:48:31","slug":"grafico-residual-python","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/grafico-residual-python\/","title":{"rendered":"Como criar um gr\u00e1fico residual em python"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><\/p>\n<hr>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Um <strong>gr\u00e1fico residual<\/strong> \u00e9 um tipo de gr\u00e1fico que exibe valores ajustados em rela\u00e7\u00e3o aos res\u00edduos de um <a href=\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/regressao-linear-python\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">modelo de regress\u00e3o<\/a> .<\/span><\/p>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Este tipo de gr\u00e1fico \u00e9 frequentemente usado para avaliar se um modelo de regress\u00e3o linear \u00e9 ou n\u00e3o apropriado para um determinado conjunto de dados e para verificar a <a href=\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/regressao-de-heterocedasticidade\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">heterocedasticidade<\/a> dos res\u00edduos.<\/span><\/p>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Este tutorial explica como criar um gr\u00e1fico residual para um modelo de regress\u00e3o linear em Python.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3> <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Exemplo: gr\u00e1fico residual em Python<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Para este exemplo, usaremos um conjunto de dados que descreve os atributos de 10 jogadores de basquete:<\/span><\/p>\n<pre style=\"background-color: #ececec; font-size: 15px;\"> <strong><span style=\"color: #107d3f;\">import<\/span> numpy <span style=\"color: #107d3f;\">as<\/span> np\n<span style=\"color: #107d3f;\">import<\/span> pandas <span style=\"color: #107d3f;\">as<\/span> pd\n\n<span style=\"color: #008080;\">#create dataset<\/span>\ndf = pd.DataFrame({'rating': [90, 85, 82, 88, 94, 90, 76, 75, 87, 86],\n                   'points': [25, 20, 14, 16, 27, 20, 12, 15, 14, 19],\n                   'assists': [5, 7, 7, 8, 5, 7, 6, 9, 9, 5],\n                   'rebounds': [11, 8, 10, 6, 6, 9, 6, 10, 10, 7]})\n\n<span style=\"color: #008080;\">#view dataset\n<\/span>df\n\n\trating points assists rebounds\n0 90 25 5 11\n1 85 20 7 8\n2 82 14 7 10\n3 88 16 8 6\n4 94 27 5 6\n5 90 20 7 9\n6 76 12 6 6\n7 75 15 9 10\n8 87 14 9 10\n9 86 19 5 7<\/strong><\/pre>\n<h3> <strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Gr\u00e1fico residual para regress\u00e3o linear simples<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Suponha que ajustamos um modelo de regress\u00e3o linear simples usando <em>pontos<\/em> como vari\u00e1vel preditora e <em>nota<\/em> como vari\u00e1vel resposta:<\/span><\/p>\n<pre style=\"background-color: #ececec; font-size: 15px;\"> <strong><span style=\"color: #008080;\">#import necessary libraries<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #107d3f;\">import<\/span> matplotlib.pyplot <span style=\"color: #107d3f;\">as<\/span> plt\n<span style=\"color: #107d3f;\">import<\/span> statsmodels.api <span style=\"color: #107d3f;\">as<\/span> sm\n<span style=\"color: #107d3f;\">from<\/span> statsmodels.formula.api <span style=\"color: #107d3f;\">import<\/span> ols\n\n<span style=\"color: #008080;\">#fit simple linear regression model\n<\/span>model = ols('rating ~ points', data=df). <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">fit<\/span> ()\n\n<span style=\"color: #008080;\">#view model summary\n<\/span>print(model.summary())\n<\/strong><\/pre>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Podemos criar um gr\u00e1fico residual ou ajustado usando a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.statsmodels.org\/stable\/generated\/statsmodels.graphics.regressionplots.plot_regress_exog.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fun\u00e7\u00e3o plot_regress_exog()<\/a> da biblioteca statsmodels:<\/span> <\/p>\n<pre style=\"background-color: #ececec; font-size: 15px;\"> <strong><span style=\"color: #008080;\">#define figure size\n<\/span>fig = plt.figure(figsize=(12,8))\n\n<span style=\"color: #008080;\">#produce regression plots<\/span>\nfig = sm.graphics.plot_regress_exog(model, ' <span style=\"color: #008000;\">points<\/span> ', fig=fig)\n<\/strong><\/pre>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-9430 \" src=\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/residplotpython1.png\" alt=\"Gr\u00e1fico residual em Python\" width=\"624\" height=\"415\" srcset=\"\" sizes=\"auto, \"><\/p>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Quatro parcelas s\u00e3o produzidas. O que est\u00e1 no canto superior direito \u00e9 o gr\u00e1fico residual versus o gr\u00e1fico ajustado. O eixo x neste gr\u00e1fico mostra os valores reais dos <em>pontos<\/em> da vari\u00e1vel preditora e o eixo y mostra o res\u00edduo para esse valor.<\/span><\/p>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Como os res\u00edduos parecem estar espalhados aleatoriamente em torno de zero, isso indica que a heterocedasticidade n\u00e3o \u00e9 um problema com a vari\u00e1vel preditora.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3> <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Gr\u00e1ficos residuais para regress\u00e3o linear m\u00faltipla<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Suponha que, em vez disso, ajustemos um modelo de regress\u00e3o linear m\u00faltipla usando <em>assist\u00eancias<\/em> e <em>rebotes<\/em> como vari\u00e1vel preditora e <em>classifica\u00e7\u00e3o<\/em> como vari\u00e1vel de resposta:<\/span><\/p>\n<pre style=\"background-color: #ececec; font-size: 15px;\"> <strong><span style=\"color: #008080;\">#fit multiple linear regression model\n<\/span>model = ols('rating ~ assists + rebounds', data=df). <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">fit<\/span> ()\n\n<span style=\"color: #008080;\">#view model summary\n<\/span>print(model.summary())\n<\/strong><\/pre>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Mais uma vez, podemos criar um gr\u00e1fico residual versus preditor para cada um dos preditores individuais usando a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.statsmodels.org\/stable\/generated\/statsmodels.graphics.regressionplots.plot_regress_exog.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fun\u00e7\u00e3o plot_regress_exog()<\/a> da biblioteca statsmodels.<\/span><\/p>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Por exemplo, esta \u00e9 a apar\u00eancia do gr\u00e1fico residual\/preditor para <em>assist\u00eancias<\/em> de vari\u00e1veis preditoras:<\/span><\/p>\n<pre style=\"background-color: #ececec; font-size: 15px;\"> <strong><span style=\"color: #008080;\">#create residual vs. predictor plot for 'assists'\n<\/span>fig = plt.figure(figsize=(12,8))\nfig = sm.graphics.plot_regress_exog(model, ' <span style=\"color: #008000;\">assists<\/span> ', fig=fig)\n<\/strong><\/pre>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-9431 \" src=\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/residplotpython2.png\" alt=\"Terreno residual ou ajustado\" width=\"625\" height=\"409\" srcset=\"\" sizes=\"auto, \"><\/span><\/p>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">E \u00e9 assim que o gr\u00e1fico residual\/preditor se parece para os <em>saltos<\/em> da vari\u00e1vel preditora:<\/span> <\/p>\n<pre style=\"background-color: #ececec; font-size: 15px;\"> <strong><span style=\"color: #008080;\">#create residual vs. predictor plot for 'assists'\n<\/span>fig = plt.figure(figsize=(12,8))\nfig = sm.graphics.plot_regress_exog(model, ' <span style=\"color: #008000;\">rebounds<\/span> ', fig=fig)\n<\/strong><\/pre>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-9432 \" src=\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/residplotpython3.png\" alt=\"Gr\u00e1fico residual ou ajustado em Python\" width=\"624\" height=\"408\" srcset=\"\" sizes=\"auto, \"><\/p>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Em ambos os gr\u00e1ficos, os res\u00edduos parecem estar espalhados aleatoriamente em torno de zero, indicando que a heterocedasticidade n\u00e3o \u00e9 um problema com nenhuma das vari\u00e1veis preditoras do modelo.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Um gr\u00e1fico residual \u00e9 um tipo de gr\u00e1fico que exibe valores ajustados em rela\u00e7\u00e3o aos res\u00edduos de um modelo de regress\u00e3o . Este tipo de gr\u00e1fico \u00e9 frequentemente usado para avaliar se um modelo de regress\u00e3o linear \u00e9 ou n\u00e3o apropriado para um determinado conjunto de dados e para verificar a heterocedasticidade dos res\u00edduos. Este [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[11],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-869","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-guia"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Como criar um gr\u00e1fico residual em Python - Statorials<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Uma explica\u00e7\u00e3o simples sobre como criar um gr\u00e1fico residual em Python.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/grafico-residual-python\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"pt_PT\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Como criar um gr\u00e1fico residual em Python - Statorials\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Uma explica\u00e7\u00e3o simples sobre como criar um gr\u00e1fico residual em Python.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/grafico-residual-python\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Statorials\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2023-07-28T11:48:31+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/residplotpython1.png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Dr. benjamim anderson\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Escrito por\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Dr. benjamim anderson\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Tempo estimado de leitura\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"3 minutos\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/grafico-residual-python\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/grafico-residual-python\/\",\"name\":\"Como criar um gr\u00e1fico residual em Python - Statorials\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2023-07-28T11:48:31+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2023-07-28T11:48:31+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/#\/schema\/person\/e08f98e8db95e0aa9c310e1b27c9c666\"},\"description\":\"Uma explica\u00e7\u00e3o simples sobre como criar um gr\u00e1fico residual em Python.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/grafico-residual-python\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"pt-PT\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/grafico-residual-python\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/grafico-residual-python\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Lar\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Como criar um gr\u00e1fico residual em python\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/\",\"name\":\"Statorials\",\"description\":\"O seu guia para a literacia estat\u00edstica!\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":\"required name=search_term_string\"}],\"inLanguage\":\"pt-PT\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/#\/schema\/person\/e08f98e8db95e0aa9c310e1b27c9c666\",\"name\":\"Dr. benjamim anderson\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"pt-PT\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Dr.-Benjamin-Anderson-96x96.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Dr.-Benjamin-Anderson-96x96.jpg\",\"caption\":\"Dr. benjamim anderson\"},\"description\":\"Ol\u00e1, sou Benjamin, um professor aposentado de estat\u00edstica que se tornou professor dedicado na Statorials. 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