{"id":4502,"date":"2023-07-10T14:11:32","date_gmt":"2023-07-10T14:11:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/statorials.org\/uk\/wald-%d1%82%d0%b5%d1%81%d1%82%d1%83%d1%94-python\/"},"modified":"2023-07-10T14:11:32","modified_gmt":"2023-07-10T14:11:32","slug":"wald-%d1%82%d0%b5%d1%81%d1%82%d1%83%d1%94-python","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/statorials.org\/uk\/wald-%d1%82%d0%b5%d1%81%d1%82%d1%83%d1%94-python\/","title":{"rendered":"\u042f\u043a \u0432\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442 \u0432\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0434\u0430 \u0432 python"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><\/p>\n<hr>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>\u0422\u0435\u0441\u0442 \u0412\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0434\u0430<\/strong> \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0443\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438, \u0449\u043e\u0431 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0456\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438, \u0447\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0432\u043d\u044e\u044e\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0430\u0431\u043e \u043a\u0456\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0456\u0432 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0456 \u043f\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f\u043c.<\/span><\/p>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u0426\u0435\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0443\u0454\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f, \u0449\u043e\u0431 \u0432\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0438, \u0447\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0432\u043d\u044e\u044e\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0443\u043b\u044e \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0430\u0431\u043e \u043a\u0456\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0430 \u0437\u043c\u0456\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0456\u0439\u043d\u0456\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0456.<\/span><\/p>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u0414\u043b\u044f \u0446\u044c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443 \u043c\u0438 \u0432\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0443\u0454\u043c\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0456 \u043d\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043e\u0432\u0456 \u0442\u0430 \u0430\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0456 <a href=\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/uk\/\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0456\u0440\u043a\u0430-\u0433\u0456\u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0437\u0438-1\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u0433\u0456\u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0437\u0438<\/a> :<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li> <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>H <sub>0<\/sub><\/strong> : \u0434\u0435\u044f\u043a\u0456 \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0438 \u0437\u043c\u0456\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0432 \u0434\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0432\u043d\u044e\u044e\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0443\u043b\u044e.<\/span><\/li>\n<li> <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>H <sub>A<\/sub><\/strong> : \u041d\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0456 \u0437\u043c\u0456\u043d\u043d\u0456 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0456 \u0434\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0432\u043d\u044e\u044e\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0443\u043b\u044e.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u042f\u043a\u0449\u043e \u043d\u0430\u043c \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u0434\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0456\u0434\u0445\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043e\u0432\u0443 \u0433\u0456\u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0437\u0443, \u043c\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043c\u043e \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0431\u0456\u0440 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0437\u043c\u0456\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0456\u0437 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0456, \u043e\u0441\u043a\u0456\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0431\u0435\u0437\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0443\u044e\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0443\u0449\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0456\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0456.<\/span><\/p>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u0423 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0456 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e, \u044f\u043a \u0432\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442 \u0412\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0434\u0430 \u0432 Python<\/span><\/p>\n<h2> <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434: \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442 \u0412\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0434\u0430 \u0432 Python<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u0414\u043b\u044f \u0446\u044c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0443 \u043c\u0438 \u0432\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0454\u043c\u043e \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0431\u0456\u0440 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0445 <strong>mtcars<\/strong> , \u0449\u043e\u0431 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0456\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0456\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0456 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0436\u0438\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u043b\u0456\u043d\u0456\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0456\u0457:<\/span><\/p>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">mpg = \u03b2 <sub>0<\/sub> + \u03b2 <sub>1<\/sub> \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u0438\u0439 + \u03b2 <sub>2<\/sub> \u0432\u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0456\u0432 + \u03b2 <sub>3<\/sub> \u043a.\u0441. + \u03b2 <sub>4<\/sub> \u0446\u0438\u043b.<\/span><\/p>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u041d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0434 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0443\u0454, \u044f\u043a \u043f\u0456\u0434\u0456\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u0446\u044e \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0456\u0439\u043d\u0443 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0456 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0442\u0438 \u0437\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0456:<\/span><\/p>\n<pre style=\"background-color: #ececec; font-size: 15px;\"> <strong><span style=\"color: #008000;\">import<\/span> statsmodels. <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">formula<\/span> . <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">api<\/span> <span style=\"color: #008000;\">as<\/span> smf\n<span style=\"color: #008000;\">import<\/span> pandas <span style=\"color: #008000;\">as<\/span> pd\n<span style=\"color: #008000;\">import<\/span> io\n\n<span style=\"color: #008080;\">#define dataset as string\n<\/span>mtcars_data=\"\"\"model,mpg,cyl,disp,hp,drat,wt,qsec,vs,am,gear,carb\nMazda RX4,21,6,160,110,3.9,2.62,16.46,0,1,4,4\nMazda RX4 Wag,21.6,160,110,3.9,2.875,17.02,0,1,4,4\nDatsun 710,22.8,4,108,93,3.85,2.32,18.61,1,1,4,1\nHornet 4 Drive,21.4,6,258,110,3.08,3.215,19.44,1,0,3,1\nHornet Sportabout,18.7,8,360,175,3.15,3.44,17.02,0,0,3,2\nValiant,18.1,6,225,105,2.76,3.46,20.22,1,0,3,1\nDuster 360,14.3,8,360,245,3.21,3.57,15.84,0,0,3,4\nMerc 240D,24.4,4,146.7,62,3.69,3.19,20,1,0,4,2\nMerc 230,22.8,4,140.8,95,3.92,3.15,22.9,1,0,4,2\nMerc 280,19.2,6,167.6,123,3.92,3.44,18.3,1,0,4,4\nMerc 280C,17.8,6,167.6,123,3.92,3.44,18.9,1,0,4,4\nMerc 450SE,16.4,8,275.8,180,3.07,4.07,17.4,0,0,3,3\nMerc 450SL,17.3,8,275.8,180,3.07,3.73,17.6,0,0,3,3\nMerc 450SLC,15.2,8,275.8,180,3.07,3.78,18,0,0,3,3\nCadillac Fleetwood,10.4,8,472,205,2.93,5.25,17.98,0,0,3,4\nLincoln Continental,10.4,8,460,215,3,5.424,17.82,0,0,3,4\nChrysler Imperial,14.7,8,440,230,3.23,5.345,17.42,0,0,3,4\nFiat 128,32.4,4,78.7,66,4.08,2.2,19.47,1,1,4,1\nHonda Civic,30.4,4,75.7,52,4.93,1.615,18.52,1,1,4,2\nToyota Corolla,33.9,4,71.1,65,4.22,1.835,19.9,1,1,4,1\nToyota Corona,21.5,4,120.1,97,3.7,2.465,20.01,1,0,3,1\nDodge Challenger,15.5,8,318,150,2.76,3.52,16.87,0,0,3,2\nAMC Javelin,15.2,8,304,150,3.15,3.435,17.3,0,0,3,2\nCamaro Z28,13.3,8,350,245,3.73,3.84,15.41,0,0,3,4\nPontiac Firebird,19.2,8,400,175,3.08,3.845,17.05,0,0,3,2\nFiat X1-9,27.3,4,79,66,4.08,1.935,18.9,1,1,4,1\nPorsche 914-2,26,4,120.3,91,4.43,2.14,16.7,0,1,5,2\nLotus Europa,30.4,4,95.1,113,3.77,1.513,16.9,1,1,5,2\nFord Pantera L,15.8,8,351,264,4.22,3.17,14.5,0,1,5,4\nFerrari Dino,19.7,6,145,175,3.62,2.77,15.5,0,1,5,6\nMaserati Bora,15.8,301,335,3.54,3.57,14.6,0,1,5,8\nVolvo 142E,21.4,4,121,109,4.11,2.78,18.6,1,1,4,2\"\"\"\n\n<span style=\"color: #008080;\">#convert string to DataFrame\n<\/span>df = pd. <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">read_csv<\/span> ( <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">io.StringIO<\/span> (mtcars_data), sep=\" <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">,<\/span> \")\n\n<span style=\"color: #008080;\">#fit multiple linear regression model\n<\/span>results = smf. <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">ols<\/span> (' <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">mpg~disp+carb+hp+cyl<\/span> ',df). <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">fit<\/span> ()\n\n<span style=\"color: #008080;\">#view regression model summary\n<\/span>results. <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">summary<\/span> ()\n\n\tcoef std err t P&gt;|t| [0.025 0.975]\nIntercept34.0216 2.523 13.482 0.000 28.844 39.199\navailable -0.0269 0.011 -2.379 0.025 -0.050 -0.004\ncarb -0.9269 0.579 -1.601 0.121 -2.115 0.261\nhp 0.0093 0.021 0.452 0.655 -0.033 0.052\ncyl -1.0485 0.784 -1.338 0.192 -2.657 0.560\n<\/strong><\/pre>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u0414\u0430\u043b\u0456 \u043c\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043c\u043e \u0432\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0456\u044e <strong>statsmodels<\/strong> <strong>wald_test()<\/strong> , \u0449\u043e\u0431 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0456\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438, \u0447\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0432\u043d\u044e\u044e\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0443\u043b\u044e \u043a\u043e\u0435\u0444\u0456\u0446\u0456\u0454\u043d\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0456\u0457 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0437\u043c\u0456\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u00abhp\u00bb \u0456 \u00abcyl\u00bb.<\/span><\/p>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u041d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0434 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0443\u0454, \u044f\u043a \u0432\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0443\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u0446\u044e \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0456\u044e \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0446\u0456:<\/span><\/p>\n<pre style=\"background-color: #ececec; font-size: 15px;\"> <strong><span style=\"color: #008080;\">#perform Wald Test to determine if 'hp' and 'cyl' coefficients are both zero<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #008000;\">print<\/span> ( <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">results.wald_test<\/span> (' <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">(hp=0, cyl=0)<\/span> '))\n\nF test: F=array([[0.91125429]]), p=0.41403001184235005, df_denom=27, df_num=2\n<\/strong><\/pre>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u0417 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443 \u043c\u0438 \u0431\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043c\u043e, \u0449\u043e <a href=\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/uk\/p-\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0454-\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0443-\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0443\u0449\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">p-\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f<\/a> \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c <strong>0,414<\/strong> .<\/span><\/p>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u041e\u0441\u043a\u0456\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438 \u0446\u0435 p-\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u0448\u0435 \u043d\u0456\u0436 0,05, \u043c\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043c\u043e \u0432\u0456\u0434\u0445\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043e\u0432\u0443 \u0433\u0456\u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0437\u0443 \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443 \u0412\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0434\u0430.<\/span><\/p>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u0426\u0435 \u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0454, \u0449\u043e \u043c\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043c\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0438, \u0449\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0435\u0444\u0456\u0446\u0456\u0454\u043d\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0456\u0457 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0437\u043c\u0456\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0432 \u00abhp\u00bb \u0456 \u00abcyl\u00bb \u0434\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0432\u043d\u044e\u044e\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0443\u043b\u044e.<\/span><\/p>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u041c\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043c\u043e \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438 \u0446\u0456 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0456\u043d\u0438 \u0437 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0456, \u043e\u0441\u043a\u0456\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0443\u0442\u0442\u0454\u0432\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0443\u044e\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0456\u0434\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0456.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2> <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>\u0414\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0456 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0438<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u0423 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0456\u0431\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0441\u043d\u044e\u0454\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f, \u044f\u043a \u0432\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0443\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u0456\u043d\u0448\u0456 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0456 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0457 \u0432 Python:<\/span><\/p>\n<p> <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/uk\/\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430-\u043b\u0456\u043d\u0456\u0438\u043d\u0430-\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0456\u044f-\u0432-python\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u042f\u043a \u0432\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443 \u043b\u0456\u043d\u0456\u0439\u043d\u0443 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0456\u044e<\/a><br \/> <a href=\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/uk\/\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0456\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0456\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430-\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0456\u044f-python\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u042f\u043a \u0432\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0456\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0456\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0456\u044e \u0432 Python<\/a><br \/> <a href=\"https:\/\/statorials.org\/uk\/\u044f\u043a-\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0445\u0443\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438-vive-\u043d\u0430-python\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u042f\u043a \u0440\u043e\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0445\u0443\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438 VIF \u0443 Python<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0422\u0435\u0441\u0442 \u0412\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0434\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0443\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438, \u0449\u043e\u0431 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0456\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438, \u0447\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0432\u043d\u044e\u044e\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0430\u0431\u043e \u043a\u0456\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0456\u0432 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0456 \u043f\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f\u043c. \u0426\u0435\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0443\u0454\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f, \u0449\u043e\u0431 \u0432\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0438, \u0447\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0432\u043d\u044e\u044e\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0443\u043b\u044e \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0430\u0431\u043e \u043a\u0456\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0430 \u0437\u043c\u0456\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0456\u0439\u043d\u0456\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0456. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u0446\u044c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443 \u043c\u0438 \u0432\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0443\u0454\u043c\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0456 \u043d\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043e\u0432\u0456 \u0442\u0430 \u0430\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0456 \u0433\u0456\u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0437\u0438 : H 0 : \u0434\u0435\u044f\u043a\u0456 \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0438 \u0437\u043c\u0456\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0432 \u0434\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0432\u043d\u044e\u044e\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0443\u043b\u044e. H A : [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>\u042f\u043a \u0432\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442 \u0412\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0434\u0430 \u0432 Python \u2013 \u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0456\u044f<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0426\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0456\u0434\u0440\u0443\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0441\u043d\u044e\u0454, \u044f\u043a \u0432\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442 \u0412\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0434\u0430 \u0432 Python, \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0447\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0439 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